Nursing Roles and Value Task 1

Nursing Roles and Value Western Governors University Nursing Roles and Value NVT2 Competency 724. 7. 1 Ethical Leadership Competency 724. 7. 2 Continuing Competency in Nursing Marisha Grimley Course Mentor March 04, 2012 Nursing Roles and Value The purpose of this paper is to evaluate a case study addressing ethical leadership, analyzing application of standardized code of ethics on nursing practice, and discussing issues in safety for quality patient care.This paper will support the importance of confidentiality when discussing protected patient information. In addition, the need for continuing education and training for nursing through identification of Federal and State regulations as applied to nursing practice will be addressed. The discussion will touch on how these regulations are applied in specific care settings and the professional role of nursing in the ever changing health care delivery system.State regulation or standard of nurse practice The contemporary definition of n ursing according to the Scope and Standards of Practice (2010) is: â€Å"Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. † (p. 66).According to the Standards of professional Nursing Practice, this scenario violates nursing Standard 7 – Ethics which states: â€Å"The registered Nurse: Delivers care in a manner that preserves and protects healthcare consumers’ autonomy, dignity, rights, values, and beliefs. † (The Standard of professional Performance, 2010, p. 47). The nurse does not follow the standards of practices leading to the several implications. When asked by Dr K. to look in the chart to determine if anyone was responsible for Mr.E’s medical decision making, the nurse failed to inform Dr K that the patient had an Advan ce Directive (AD) that specified he not be placed on a ventilator or have cardiopulmonary resuscitation. By not bringing forward this information the nurse did not fulfill her duty of protecting the patient’s autonomy. She ignored the AD that Mr. E, despite being a mildly developmentally delayed, had put into place before this hospital admission. Mr. E accomplished this task with the help of the nursing home patient advocate thus providing documentation about his medical wishes.Seven years prior, Mr. E had shown the ability to make his own health care decisions. He chose the pathway of his care by checking himself into a nursing home. The nurse assumed, because the provider had stated that the patient was hypoxic (88% room air is hypoxic), that Mr. E could not make his own medical decision. Mr. E verbalized understanding of what his progression of care would be by stating to Dr. K, shaking his head and saying â€Å"Go away! No! No! Take me home. † In this instance, the nurse did not act as a patient advocate.The nurse should have relayed this information to Dr. K. If Dr. K had insisted that the patient was in an impaired hypoxic state, the nurse should have reported the situation to her immediate nursing supervisor who could have intervened as a patient advocate, working to insure that the patient’s wishes be granted. The nurse’s failure to act as a patient advocate and respect Mr. E’s right to self-determination resulted in the patient being intubated and placed on a ventilator against his wishes. The nurse also failed to uphold a patient right to confidentiality.She violated the Federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) confidentiality laws. The nurse did not speak up and question the provider when the patient’s wishes were being questioned, leading to the patient’s rights, values and beliefs being disregarded. Nursing Code of Ethics by ANA The nurse violated more than one provision f rom the Nursing Code of Ethics. One of the provisions that apply to this case study is provision 3, which states: â€Å"The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety and rights of the patient. (Code of Ethics for Nurses, 2010, p. 16). The impact on a professional decision, according to provision 3, would be that the nurse should have provided a private place for the doctor to discuss the case with the family member. Furthermore, the nurse cannot breach the fiduciary duty of confidentiality by allowing the provider to speak with a family member that was not part of the power of attorney. As well, the nurse has to remember that it is a breach of confidentiality and trust when she speaks with others, such as colleagues in a cafeteria that are not involved with the patient’s care.The ethical implications caused by placing Mr. E on a respirator were that the patient’s right of deciding his own path of treatment was violated. The patient Bill of Rights (Roux & Halstead, 2009) allows the patient to refuse medical treatment. Like every individual, Mr. E. has the power of controlling the type of care given to him, along with having control to make decisions that influence self without interference of others. Mr. E, through narrative ethics, had set his healthcare decision precedents. He had made his wishes known by signing an AD. Once Mr.E was intubated further ethical considerations will surface because he may be ventilator dependent or he may die from ventilator induced complications. These possibilities would be avoided by adhering to his original AD. In order to give ethical consideration to this decision, before agreeing with his brother’s intubation and placement on the ventilator, Mr. Y should have requested that all the facts be made available to him. Through the manner in which the case scenario is presented, Mr. Y is not involved in Mr. E’s life decisions even though he is entrusted with Mr. Eâ€℠¢s final life decisions.Any hospitalization is a stressful situation for all parties, the patient and family. In this scenario it is even more stressful because it is a life and death decision. Mr. Y’s brother is diabetic with a history of high blood pressure. Mr. Y has to face the ethical issues of quality of life versus quantity of life in deciding to follow his brother’s wishes or not. Mr. Y most likely did not understand a lot of what was happening and may have felt that it was too heavy a decision to let his brother die if no heroic measures were taken. Mt. Y asked for his niece’s opinion, indicating Mr.Y’s inability to make a decision. As a patient advocate, the nurse should engage in multidisciplinary support to help family understand the legal aspects and obligation of the power of attorney in making life end decisions and the legal obligations of the Advance Directives. Nurse must be firm in stressing these considerations to family so they may re alize the full legal and ethical implications of their decisions. The importance of end of life issues and decisions are now being discussed at the time of admission to most acute care and long term acute care facilities.More attention is being placed on these specific decisions to ensure that the patient's quality of life is considered and maintained even when death may be eminent. It is necessary to keep in mind that Mr. E may have been hypoxic, but he had not shown any signs of not being able to make decisions. The scenario does not describe Mr. E exhibiting any signs of advance hypoxia, such as an altered metal state, cyanosis, tachypnea, cardiac arrhythmias or coma. Mr. E verbalized his disagreement to the procedure by saying â€Å"Go away! No! No! Take me home. † Factors that complicate Mr. E’s advance directivesThe validity of Mr. E’s AD is not in question. The State of California has a specific form for AD that describes the necessary steps for the AD to be valid. (Form: PS-X-MHS-842 Rev. 2-04). The AD may be questioned in California if the nursing home did not follow the guidelines printed on the form. It requires that a nursing home patient advocate or ombudsman, as designated by the State Department of Aging, is present to witness the completion and signing of the AD. The AD does not require the presence of a notary, but requires the presence of two witnesses who sign the AD on the same day as the person making the AD.Mr. E is mildly developmentally delayed; a condition such as this is not a factor which would complicate his ability to have a valid AD. AD and Advance Care Planning for People with Intellectual and Physical Disabilities was addressed by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. (HSS, October, 2007). In 2003, a study that assessed the capability of people with a mild mental disability concluded that adults with mild retardation have the ability to provide adequate consent for their own medical decisions.Th is led the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), in 2005 to take the following position regarding end of life: â€Å"Permissible treatment options at the end of life are the same for persons with intellectual or developmental disabilities as for everyone else. † (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, October 2007, p. 13). A factor that complicates the AD is the Power of Attorney given to his brother, Mr. Y. Mr. Y was asked to make an end of life decision for his brother, Mr. E, without the knowledge of the AD.The case scenario notes that â€Å"no family member signed the advance directive and it is unclear if any family member were involved. † Mr. Y was unaware of Mr. E’s AD, made seven years prior, that Mr. E did to avoid having heroic medical procedures performed on himself if should he be in a condition that precluded him from verbalizing his desires. Advance, meaning the wishes are written in advance, before th e situations arise for which the wishes have made. Directives meaning giving, directing the actions of others that are empowered to make the decisions.The lack of communication between Mr. E and Mr. Y created the stressful situation. The nurse’s decision to withhold her knowledge of Mr. E’s AD from other individuals involved in Mr. E’s care led to inappropriate treatment. HIPAA violations HIPAA is violated when information is given to anyone who does not have participation in the care of patient. Patient information can be shared by an entity for the purpose of TPO. TPO is described as release of information pertaining to patients own treatment, payment, and health care operations activities.Knowing how protected health information can be used and disclosed, a HIPAA violation occurred in the following instances. Dr. K discussed Mr. E’s condition with his niece in front of her boyfriend and other patients. The nurse, during her dinner break, discussed pati ent’s medical issues with three nurses not involved in the patient’s care and requested their opinion. The nurse also violated the Code of Ethic Provision 3, which states that nurses have the duty to safeguard patient’s privacy and only share the pertinent information necessary for treatment with those who are participating in the care of the patient. Code of ethics, 2001). Professional conduct of the nurses The comments made by the nurses in the cafeteria were unprofessional, unethical and derogatory. These comments reflect that they were not conducting themselves in accordance with the nursing standards of professional practice. Nurses are not expected to feel warmth towards all human beings, but they cannot treat others with uncaring behavior to justify their feelings or their short comings.Nurses are professionals, and as professionals, nurses are expected to move beyond feelings and provide the same care to every patient regardless of their background, leve l of intelligence, diagnosis or economic status. In the case study the nurses were not: 1) Participating in ongoing educational practices as evidenced by the lack of knowledge of the pre-existing is AD. The nurses did not consider the legal ramifications of not following the patient’s AD requests nor did they respect the patient’s rights to self-determination. ) Providing care in a cultural and sensitive way, as evidenced by calling the patient â€Å"retarded†. Oral defamation – calling patient â€Å"retarded† – is slander. 3) Respectful of the patient’s moral worth nor did they give dignity to the patient, in respect to his living situation by the statement â€Å"he is already in a nursing home† The Code of Ethics, an integral part of what professional nursing stands for, addresses the fact that nurses have a commitment to the well being of their patients.It requires that nurses act as advocates by being vigilant and taking ac tion when inappropriate dealings, such as unethical or questionable practices, are being carried out, and may jeopardize a patient’s care. It is the ethical responsibility of the nurse to report to administration the nurses’ practices and lack of knowledge and the cavalier attitude towards HIPAA. It is an integral part of nursing not to remain silent when substandard care is known and practices that do not align with the nursing code of ethics are being used.The conduct that does not follow the nurse principles also will not align with place of work policies. These nurses should be reported to supervisors for counseling, education and corrective actions. Some issues are so severe that nurses are mandated to report offenses to authorities such as the Board of Registered Nursing, Nursing Organization, and HIPAA. In conclusion, the above case study identifies a case where several standards were compromised in protecting patients’ rights, privacy and protecting pati ent from harm.Through knowledge and competency in following the Nursing Practice Act as well as the Code of Ethics, one can always ensure uncompromised patient care and safety in practice. References Board of Registered Nurse. The Registered Nurse as Patient Advocate [Regulations]. Sacramento, CA: (Reprint from the BRN Report – Winter 1987). Retrieved from: http://www. rn. ca. gov/pdfs/regulations/npr-i-11. pdf America Nursing Association (2010). In Scope and Standards of Practice (2nd edition). Silver Spring, Maryland: Nursesbooks. org. America Nursing Association (2001).Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements (2001 edition). Silver Spring, Maryland: nursingbooks. org. Advance Directive Form. (PS-X-MHS-842 Rev. 2-04). Retrieved from: http://ag. ca. gov/consumers/pdf/AHCDS1. pdf Roux, G. ; Halstead, J. A. (2009). Issues and Trends in Nursing. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. U. S Department of Health and Human Services. (October 2007). Adv ance Directives and Advance Care Planning for People with Intellectual and Physical Disabilities. Retrieved from: http://aspe. hhs. gov/daltcp/reports/2007/adacp. htm#who (Roux ; Halstead, 2009)

The Wounded Knee Massacre

The Wounded Knee Massacre   The massacre of hundreds of Native Americans at Wounded Knee in South Dakota on December 29, 1890, marked a particularly tragic milestone American history. The killing of mostly unarmed men, women, and children, was the last major encounter between the Sioux and U.S. Army troops, and it could be viewed as the end of the Plains Wars. The violence at Wounded Knee was rooted in the federal governments reaction to the ghost dance movement, in which a religious ritual centered around dancing became a potent symbol of defiance to white rule. As the ghost dance spread to Indian reservations throughout the West, the federal government began to regard it as a major threat and sought to suppress it. The tensions between white and Indians greatly increased, especially as federal authorities began to fear that the legendary Sioux medicine man Sitting Bull was about to become involved in the ghost dance movement. When Sitting Bull was killed while being arrested on December 15, 1890, the Sioux in South Dakota became fearful. Overshadowing the events of late 1890 were decades of conflicts between whites and Indians in the West. But one event, the massacre at the Little Bighorn of Col. George Armstrong Custer and his troops in June 1876 resonated most deeply. The Sioux in 1890 suspected that commanders in the U.S. Army felt a need to avenge Custer. And that made the Sioux especially suspicious of actions taken by soldiers who came to confront them over the ghost dance movement. Against that backdrop of mistrust, the eventual massacre at Wounded Knee arose out of a series of misunderstandings. On the morning of the massacre, it was unclear who fired the first shot. But once the shooting began, the U.S. Army troops cut down unarmed Indians with no restraint. Even artillery shells were fired at Sioux women and children who were seeking safety and running from the soldiers. In the aftermath of the massacre, the Army commander on the scene, Col. James Forsyth, was relieved of his command. However, an Army inquiry cleared him within two months, and he was restored to his command. The massacre, and the forcible rounding up of Indians following it, crushed any resistance to white rule in the West. Any hope the Sioux or other tribes had of being able to restore their way of life was obliterated. And life on the detested reservations became the plight of the American Indian. The Wounded Knee massacre faded into history. However, a book published in 1971, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, became a surprise best seller and brought the name of the massacre back to public awareness. The book by Dee Brown, a narrative history of the West told from the Indian point of view, struck a chord in America at a time of national skepticism and is widely considered a classic. And Wounded Knee came back in the news in 1973, when American Indian activists, as an act of civil disobedience, took over the site in a standoff with federal agents. Roots of the Conflict The ultimate confrontation at Wounded Knee was rooted in the movement of the 1880s to force Indians in the West onto government reservations. Following the defeat of Custer, the U.S. military was fixated on defeating any Indian resistance to forced resettlement. Sitting Bull, one of the most respected Sioux leaders, led a band of followers across the international border into Canada. The British government of Queen Victoria allowed them to live there and did not persecute them in any way. Yet conditions were very difficult, and Sitting Bull and his people eventually returned to South Dakota. In the 1880s, Buffalo Bill Cody, whose exploits in the West had become famous through dime novels, recruited Sitting Bull to join his famous Wild West Show. The show traveled extensively, and Sitting Bull was a huge attraction. After a few years of enjoying fame in the white world, Sitting Bull returned to South Dakota and life on a reservation. He was regarded with considerable respect by the Sioux. The Ghost Dance The ghost dance movement began with a member of the Paiute tribe in Nevada. Wovoka, who claimed to have religious visions, began preaching after recovering from a serious illness in early 1889. He claimed that God had revealed to him that a new age was about to dawn on earth. According to Wovoka’s prophecies, game which had been hunted to extinction would return, and Indians would restore their culture, which had been essentially destroyed during the decades of conflict with white settlers and soldiers. Part of Wovoka’s teaching involved the practice of ritual dancing. Based on older round dances performed by Indians, the ghost dance had some special characteristics. It was generally performed over a series of days. And special attire, which became known as ghost dance shirts, would be worn. It was believed that those wearing the ghost dance would be protected against harm, including bullets fired by U.S. Army soldiers. As the ghost dance spread throughout western Indian reservations, officials in the federal government became alarmed. Some white Americans argued that the ghost dance was essentially harmless and was a legitimate exercise of religious freedom. Others in the government saw malicious intent behind the ghost dancing. The practice was seen as a way to energize Indians to resist white rule. And by late 1890 the authorities in Washington began giving orders for the U.S. Army to be ready to take action to suppress the ghost dance. Sitting Bull Targeted In 1890 Sitting Bull was living, along with a few hundred other Hunkpapa Sioux, at the Standing Rock reservation in South Dakota. He had spent time in a military prison, and had also toured with Buffalo Bill, but he seemed to have settled down as a farmer. Still, he always seemed in rebellion to the rules of the reservation and was perceived by some white administrators as a potential source of trouble. The U.S. Army began sending troops into South Dakota in November 1890, planning to suppress the ghost dance and the rebellious movement it seemed to represent. The man in charge of the Army in the area, General Nelson Miles, came up with a plan to get Sitting Bull to surrender peacefully, at which point he could be sent back to prison. Miles wanted Buffalo Bill Cody to approach Sitting Bull and essentially lure him into surrendering. Cody apparently traveled to South Dakota, but the plan fell apart and Cody left and returned to Chicago. Army officers decided to use Indians who were working as policemen on the reservation to arrest Sitting Bull. A detachment of 43 tribal police officers arrived at Sitting Bull’s log cabin on the morning of December 15, 1890. Sitting Bull agreed to go with the officers, but some of his followers, who were generally described as ghost dancers, tried to intervene. An Indian shot the commander of the police, who raised his own weapon to return fire and accidentally wounded Sitting Bull. In the confusion, Sitting Bull was then fatally shot by another officer. The outbreak of gunfire brought a charge by a detachment of soldiers who had been positioned nearby in case of trouble. Witnesses to the violent incident recalled a peculiar spectacle: a show horse which had been presented to Sitting Bull years earlier by Buffalo Bill heard the gunfire and must have thought it was back in the Wild West Show. The horse began performing intricate dance moves as the violent scene unfolded. The Massacre The killing of Sitting Bull was national news. The New York Times, on December 16, 1890, published a story at the top of the front page headlined â€Å"The Last of Sitting Bull.† The sub-headlines said he had been killed while resisting arrest. In South Dakota, the death of Sitting Bull stoked fear and distrust. Hundreds of his followers departed the Hunkpapa Sioux camps and began to scatter. One band, led by the chief Big Foot, began traveling to meet up with one of the old chiefs of the Sioux, Red Cloud. It was hoped Red Cloud should protect them from the soldiers. As the group, a few hundred men, women, and children, moved through the harsh winter conditions, Big Foot became quite ill. On December 28, 1890, Big Foot and his people were intercepted by cavalry troopers. An officer in the Seventh Cavalry, Major Samuel Whitside, met with Big Foot under a flag of truce. Whitside assured Big Foot his people would not be harmed. And he made arrangements for Big Foot to travel in an Army wagon, as he was suffering from pneumonia. The cavalry was going to escort the Indians with Big Foot to a reservation. That night the Indians set up camp, and the soldiers set up their bivouacs nearby. At some point in the evening another cavalry force, commanded by Col. James Forsyth, arrived on the scene. The new group of soldiers were accompanied by an artillery unit. On the morning of December 29, 1890, the U.S. Army troops told the Indians to gather in a group. They were ordered to surrender their weapons. The Indians stacked up their guns, but the soldiers suspected they were hiding more weapons. Soldiers began searching the Sioux tepees. Two rifles were found, one of which belonged to an Indian named Black Coyote, who was probably deaf. Black Coyote refused to give up his Winchester, and in a confrontation with him a shot was fired. The situation quickly accelerated as soldiers began shooting at the Indians. Some of the male Indians drew knives and faced the soldiers, believing that the ghost dance shirts they were wearing would protect them from bullets. They were shot down. As Indians, including many women and children, tried to flee, the soldiers continued firing. Several artillery pieces, which had been positioned on a nearby hill, began to rake the fleeing Indians. The shells and shrapnel killed and wounded scores of people. The entire massacre lasted for less than an hour. It was estimated that about 300 to 350 Indians were killed. Casualties among the cavalry amounted to 25 dead and 34 wounded. It was believed most of the killed and wounded among the U.S. Army troops had been caused by friendly fire. Wounded Indians were taken on wagons to the Pine Ridge reservation, where Dr. Charles Eastman, who had been born a Sioux and educated at schools in the East, sought to treat them. Within days, Eastman traveled with a group to the massacre site to search for survivors. They did find some Indians who were miraculously still alive. But they also discovered hundreds of frozen corpses, some as many as two miles away. Most of the bodies were gathered by soldiers and buried in a mass grave. Reaction to the Massacre In the East, the massacre at Wounded Knee was portrayed as a battle between â€Å"hostiles† and soldiers. Stories on the front page of the New York Times in the final days of 1890 gave the Army version of events. Though the number of people killed, and the fact that many were women and children, created interest in official circles. Accounts told by Indian witnesses were reported and appeared in newspapers. On February 12, 1890, an article in the New York Times was headlined â€Å"Indians Tell Their Story.† The sub-headline read, â€Å"A Pathetic Recital of the Killing of Women and Children.† The article gave witness accounts, and ended with a chilling anecdote. According to a minister at one of the churches at the Pine Ridge reservation, one of the Army scouts told him he had heard an officer say, after the massacre, â€Å"Now we have avenged Custer’s death.† The Army launched an investigation of what happened, and Col. Forsyth was relieved of his command. But he was quickly cleared. A story in the New York Times on February 13, 1891, was headlined â€Å"Col. Forsyth Exonerated.† The sub-headlines read â€Å"His Action at Wounded Knee Justified† and â€Å"The Colonel Restored to Command of His Gallant Regiment.† Legacy of Wounded Knee After the massacre at Wounded Knee, the Sioux came to accept that resistance to white rule was futile. The Indians came to live on the reservations. The massacre itself faded into history. However, in the early 1970s, the name of Wounded Knee came to take on resonance, largely due to Dee Brown’s book. A native American resistance movement put a new focus on the massacre as a symbol of broken promises and betrayals by white America.

Child Abuse Essay Example

Child Abuse Essay Example Child Abuse Essay Child Abuse Essay An Attributional or Social-Cognitive Approach to Causality Physical maltreatmentis one of the prima causes of decease for kids worldwide. UNICEF ( 2003 ) has estimated that, in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development member provinces,kid maltreatment and disregardlead to 3500 deceases per twelvemonth. Furthermore, the entire figure of instances of maltreatment is estimated to be every bit much as two-thousand times higher than the figure of deceases due to maltreatment. What is the account for, or the cause of,kid maltreatment? Attempts to understand and extenuate kid ill-treatment have met withlimited success. A figure of factors have been identified ascorrelates of child ill-treatment. Included in these factors are lowsocioeconomic position, a cultural background tolerant of force, abreakdown of the household, societal isolation, kid morbidity, parentalmental unwellness and substance maltreatment, and parents who were abused duringtheir ain childhood. However, the events that lead to maltreatment arecomplex and are non good understood within any individual theoreticalframework. Frustration with the low impact of aetiologic research inthis country may explicate the displacement of focal point for many research workers, a shiftaway from causes of maltreatment toward intercessions with maltreatment subsisters.While it is improbable that an across-the-board theory is possible, anattributional attack to progressing the apprehension of thismulti-faceted phenomenon has gained some currency in psychologicalliterature. Attribution theory predicts that some signifier of aggressivebehavior, such as kid maltreatment, will be focused on the individual or objectperceived to be the knowing cause of a negative event. Incontrast, individuals or objects perceived as causally-linked with anegative event but in an unwilled manner are less likely to bethe receivers of focussed aggression ; in fact, a sympathetic responseis posited as more likely under these conditions. The followers is a treatment of the application of this theoretical account tothe sphere of child ill-treatment ; in peculiar, physical maltreatment. Inthe specific theoretical account to be discussed, physical maltreatment is conceptualized asan case of aggression, and attributional procedures are imbeddedwithin the context of a social-cognitive attack to aggression. Theutility and restrictions of this theoretical model, and itsimplications as a theoretical account for preventative intercession, will bediscussed.It should be understood at the beginning that wearing any one particulartheoretical position, with its defined and finite set of constructs, concepts and relationships, imposes a needfully restricting conditionon understanding causality as it relates to the comprehensiveness and range ofthekid maltreatment phenomenon. Perforce, a battalion of other lending variables is disregarded. About the Model With a focal point onphysical kid maltreatmentas an incidence ofaggression, it foremost is necessary to understand the social-cognitiveapproach to understanding aggression. The slightly mechanisticfrustration-aggression hypothesis ( Dollard et al. , 1939 ) , whichdominated earlier research on aggression, alerted the research worker andpractitioner to look for a anterior frustrating event. This attack had, and continues to hold, advocators and pertinence in the field ofchild abuse research. By contrast, an deduction of the social-cognitive attack isthat, given the presence of aggressive behaviour, one should look forthe aggressor’s judgement that the victim is personally responsible fora anterior negative event and for the aggressor’s feelings of choler towardthe victim. This theoretical account assumes that the perceptual experiences of negativeevents, illations sing possible motivations for those events, andother information-processing activities are cardinal to understandingthe instrumentality and etiology of hostile behaviours, the how and thewhy of aggression ( Crick A ; Dodge, 1994 ) . Within this position, attributional analyses focus on the procedure of imputing or assigningcausality for the happening of consequence events that are experient aspositive or negative, in changing grades, by the percipient. Attributional theoretical accounts differ from other social-cognitive signifiers ofanalysis in the inclusion of affect as a cardinal concept ( Wei ner,1986, 1995 ) . Adding affect to the mix consequences in a widening of thequality, every bit good as measure, of possible forecasters of aggression. As Weiner ( 1995 ) pointed out, affect takes us beyond the kingdom of coldand nonsubjective cognitive factors. In ascription theory, the perceived intentionality/controllabilityof an consequence event experienced as hostile constitutes the decidingfactor for the anticipation of whether an aggressive response willoccur. If a individual attributes a negative event to the voluntaryactions of another, so some signifier of aggression directed at theperceived cause of the event can be predicted. On the other manus, ifthe perceived cause of the negative event is believed to hold actedinvoluntarily, so a less aggressive response would be predicted. Whether the causal act is perceived as within or beyond the actor’scontrol is polar here, and the assignment of duty for theact determines the quality of the response. Deleterious actions, for illustration, elicit illations of duty if the histrion is perceived to possess cognition of the nature of the actand the purpose to bring down hurt. Conversely, duty is less likely to be assigned to an histrion whose behaviour is deemed to beoutside his control or the negative affect associated with the actionis judged to be unintended ( Graham, Weiner, A ; Zucker, 1997 ) . A ill-famed illustration of this mediational function forvolition/controllability in the assignment of duty may beseen in the Nazi war offenses adjudication proceedings. A less utmost illustration might be the greater assignment of duty for fiscal success to a individual perceived as holding worked difficult than to a lottery victor. These judgements of will and purpose are cardinal to the predictionof aggression from an attributional point of view. An often-replicatedfinding in the literature on childhood aggression is that kids andadolescents who tend to exhibit aggressive behaviour are more likely toassign hostile purposes to others than are their less aggressivepeers ( Crick A ; Dodge, 1994 ) . That perceptual experience can represent amotive for farther aggression in the pretense of requital and justness.In add-on, Averill ( 1983 ) and Weiner ( 1995 ) provided evidencedemonstrating that the perceptual experience of personal duty for aninjurious act can arouse choler and the related, affectively-negativeexperiences. This determination is in line with the thought from appraisaltheory that ideas have the capacity to arouse emotions ( Ellsworth A ; Smith, 1988 ) . In bend, choler has been demonstrated to arouseaggressive, relatiative behaviour ( Berkowitz, 1993 ) . The physiologicalexperience of choler can wor k as a stimulation to hostile action. Judgments sing duty for an consequence event besides canresult in more positive attendant behaviour. Contextual cues provide arich beginning of information for the appraisal of personalresponsibility. For illustration, if one’s remark is ignored by another, the negative affect, choler and aggression that might be generated giventhe premise of an knowing rebuff could be mitigated by theexplanatory cue of a noisy room. If an person is non heldpersonally responsible for doing a negative event, so the door possibly opened for a sympathetic response to that individual ( Schmidt A ; Weiner, 1988 ; Weiner, 1995 ) . In fact, surveies of selflessness ( i.e. , assisting behaviour ) have providedvery strong support for the prognostic value of attributional attacks. This literature testifies to the function of inferred duty in interceding behavioural responses to the perceived cause of an consequence event. It has been demonstrated, time-after-time, that people tend to react with sympathy and selfless behaviour given that the individual in demand of aid is non judged to be responsible for his/her predicament. Conversely, if the cause of a person’s hurt is attributed to actions within the person’s voluntary control, so people tend to react with choler and to keep back aid. For illustration, the inclination tocome to the assistance of a pupil, on crutches and have oning a dramatis personae, who dropsan armful of text editions, should be more marked than assisting behavior manifested toward the same student’s dropping a heap of magazines that extol utmost athleticss. Merely as attributional procedures do non intercede all aggression, altruismmay be found in the absence of responsibility-mediated ascriptions. However, ascription theory has a important differentiation in itsability to be applied to, and have prognostic cogency within, thedomains of both pro-social and antisocial interpersonal behaviour. Formany research workers, this grounds of the rich and robust quality of theattributional model places it among the general theories ofhuman motive. Using Attribution Theory to Child Abuse Two sequences qualifying the etiology of aggressive versusnonaggressive responses to negative consequence events can be derived fromthe theoretical relationships and the empirical grounds cited thusfar: Attribution of causality for a negative consequence event to a peculiar individual ( mark ) ? illation of personal duty for the negative event ? increased choler and decreased sympathy ? aggressive behaviour directed toward the mark. Attribution of causality for a negative consequence event to a peculiar individual ( mark ) ? no personal duty for the consequence event is inferred ? decreased choler and increased sympathy ? no aggressive behaviour directed toward the mark. These attribution-assessment-emotion-behavior sequences can be appliedspecifically to the kingdom of physical kid maltreatment. See thefollowing scenario. Small Janey paths mud into the house afterplaying outside. The female parent knows that Janey is the cause for muddyfootprints on her clean floor ( i.e. , ascription of causality for anegative consequence event to a mark ) . The female parent believes that Janey didthis deliberately, to do her more work ( i.e. , locates personalresponsibility for the event in the mark ) . The female parent becomes angryand work stoppages Janey. Alternatively, the female parent may recognize that Janeydid non purposively muddy the floor ; that she was trying to honorher newly-taught enamored preparation by hotfooting to the bathroom. The muddyfloor remains a negative event and Janey’s behaviour remains the cause ; nevertheless, the purpose to execute a negative action is non assigned toJaney. Therefore, the female parent directs less anger an d more sympathytoward her girl, and aggressive behaviour toward Janey is non thechosen response. The determiners of child ill-treatment include both attributional ( cognitive ) and affectional ( emotional ) constituents. This interpretationof the causes for physical kid maltreatment has received some support in theresearch literature. A cardinal ancestor of maltreatment was, at one clip, believed to be unrealistic outlooks on the portion of the parentsregarding the developmental gait of the kid ( Spinetta A ; Rigler,1972 ) . These false outlooks can be interpreted as illations ofcontrollability that mediated aggressive responses ( e.g. , Bradley A ; Peters, 1991 ) . Other findings related to this point have indicatedthat opprobrious parents tend to comprehend intentionality or control by thechild in the public presentation of negative behaviours ( Bugenthal, 1987 ; Bugenthal et al. , 1989 ; MacKinnon-Lewis et al. , 1992 ) . These informations areconsistent with the attributional analyses of kid maltreatment reported byBauer and Twentyman ( 1985 ) , Graham and co-workers ( 2001 ) , and Larranceand Twentyman ( 1983 ) . Milner and Foody ( 1994 ) reported the resistanceof parents at-risk for kid maltreatment to altering their ascriptions ofintentionality on the portion of the kid, even in the face of mitigatinginformation ( e.g. , contextual cues ) .In drumhead, there are empirical findings in support of an attributionalapproach to understanding physical kid maltreatment. However, the figure ofstudies is comparatively little. Deductions for Intervention The attributional attack and research findings reviewed haveimplications for preventative intercessions with at-risk health professionals. Oneobvious get downing point is attributional alteration, developing health professionals tosee their kids as less in control of, and less responsible for, their negative behaviours. Attributional therapy has been used toproduce alterations in behaviour by changing causal believing in educationaland clinical scenes for more than twenty old ages ( Forsterling, 1985 ) . Abusive health professionals can be instructed sing the meaningresponsibility, how accurately to deduce intentionality, and howcircumstances can alter illations sing incrimination. Decision A shared belief among research worker and theoreticians is that multiplesufficient causes exist and apply to peculiar manifestations ofaggression, includingkid maltreatment. For illustration, Belsky’s ( 1993 ) reappraisal of the literature covering with child ill-treatment concluded that: â€Å"All excessively unhappily, there are many tracts to child abuse† ( p. 413 ) . Were your parents opprobrious? Is it excessively warm in your house? Are you prejudiced? Do you experience frustrated? Are you mentally ill? A â€Å"yes† response to any of these inquiries, aswell as a mark of others, indicates that you are, to some grade, at hazard for mistreating a kid.Any individual history can embrace merely a little part of the dynamicsof aggression, in general, or of child maltreatment, in peculiar. While thetelling of a consistent narrative is the virtuousness of attachment to a particulartheoretical model or way, the way itself, by rights of its ownparticular properties, imposes bounds of understanding on thestory-teller and the audience. Attribution theory promotes a compelling position of the cognitive andaffective factors that can take to physical kid maltreatment or to asympathetic response. Possibly it is most compelling in its offering of intercessions toprevent mistreatment of kids, a virtuousness merely briefly touched upon in this paper. Overall, more research is needed, every bit good as the acknowledgment that the portion of theaetiologic narrativebased on ascription theory is a little portion, so.

10 Fascinating Praying Mantis Facts

10 Fascinating Praying Mantis Facts The word mantis comes from the Greek mantikos, for soothsayer or prophet. Indeed, these insects do seem spiritual, especially when their forelegs are clasped together as if theyre in prayer. Learn more about these mysterious insects with these 10 fascinating facts about praying mantids. 1. Most Praying Mantids Live in the Tropics Of approximately 2,000 species of mantids described to date, almost all are tropical creatures. Just 18 native species are known from the entire North American continent. About 80% of all members of the order Mantodea belong to a single family, the Mantidae. 2. The Mantids We See Most Often in the U.S. Are Exotic Species Youre more likely to find an introduced mantid species than you are to find a native praying mantis. The Chinese mantis (Tenodera aridifolia) was introduced near Philadelphia, PA about 80 years ago. This large mantid can measure up to 100 mm in length.  The European mantid, Mantis religiosa, is pale green and about half the size of the Chinese mantid. European mantids were introduced near Rochester, NY nearly a century ago. Both the Chinese and European mantids are common in the northeastern U.S. today. 3. Mantids Can Turn Their Heads a Full 180 Degrees Try to sneak up on a praying mantis, and you may be startled when it looks over its shoulder at you. No other insect can do so. Praying mantids have a flexible joint between the head and prothorax that enables them to swivel their heads. This ability, along with their rather humanoid faces and long, grasping forelegs, endears them to even the most entomophobic people among us. 4. Mantids Are Closely Related to Cockroaches and Termites These three seemingly different insects – mantids, termites, and cockroaches – are believed to descend from a common ancestor. In fact, some entomologists group these insects in a superorder (Dictyoptera), due to their close evolutionary relationships. 5. Praying Mantids Overwinter as Eggs in Temperate Regions The female praying mantis deposits her eggs on a twig or stem in the fall ​and then protects them with a Styrofoam-like substance she secretes from her body. This forms a protective egg case, or ootheca, in which her offspring will develop over the winter. Mantid egg cases are easy to spot in the winter when leaves have fallen from shrubs and trees. But be forewarned! If you bring an overwintering ootheca into your warm home, you may find your house teeming with tiny mantids. 6. Female Mantids Sometimes Eat Their Mates Yes, its true, female praying mantids do cannibalize their sex partners. In some instances, shell even behead the poor chap before theyve consummated their relationship. As it turns out, a male mantid is an even better lover when his brain, which controls inhibition, is detached from his abdominal ganglion, which controls the actual act of copulation. But most instances of sexual suicide in mantids occur in the confines of a laboratory setting. In the wild, scientists believe the male partner gets munched on less than 30% of the time. 7. Mantids Use Specialized Front Legs to Capture Prey The praying mantis is so named because when waiting for prey, it holds its front legs in an upright position as if they are folded in prayer. Dont be fooled by its angelic pose, however, because the mantid is a deadly predator. If a bee or fly happens to land within its reach, the praying mantis will extend its arms with lightning quick speed, and grab the hapless insect. Sharp spines line the mantids raptorial forelegs, enabling it to grasp the prey tightly as it eats. Some larger mantids catch and eat lizards, frogs, and even birds. Who says bugs are at the bottom of the food chain?! The praying mantis would better be called the preying mantis. 8. Mantids Are Relatively Young Compared to Other Ancient Insects The earliest fossil mantids date from the Cretaceous Period and are between 146-66 million years old. These primitive mantid specimens lack certain traits found in the mantids that live today. They dont have the elongate pronotum, or extended neck, of modern-day mantids and they lack spines on their forelegs. 9. Praying Mantids Are Not Necessarily Beneficial Insects Praying mantids can and will consume lots of other invertebrates in your garden, so theyre often considered beneficial predators. Its important to note, however, that mantids dont discriminate between good bugs and bad bugs when looking for meals. A praying mantis is just as likely to eat a native bee thats pollinating your plants as it is to eat a caterpillar pest. Garden supply companies often sell the egg cases of Chinese mantids, touting them as a biological control for your garden, but these predators may do as much harm as good in the end. 10. Mantids Have Two Eyes, but Only One Ear A praying mantis has two large, compound eyes that work together to help it decipher visual cues. But strangely, the praying mantis has just a single ear, located on the underside of its belly, just forward of its hind legs. This means the mantid cannot discriminate the direction of a sound, nor its frequency. What it can do is detect ultrasound, or sound produced by echolocating bats. Studies have shown that praying mantids are quite good at evading bats. A mantis in flight will essentially stop, drop, and roll in midair, dive bombing away from the hungry predator. Not all mantids have an ear, and those that dont are typically flightless, so they dont have to flee flying predators like bats.

Individual Project Research - Creativity and Standards Task Essay

Individual Project Research - Creativity and Standards Task - Essay Example The standards, included into the review, are regarded as the part of the world’s technological development, and it is hard to imagine the scientific, practical, and educational aspects of engineering and communication without accepting the unified standards. As for the organizations and companies, included into the research, the paper is intended at analyzing the usefulness of these organizations for the entire engineering sphere, as well as for the network development, and computer communication technologies in particular. Technical project management part of the paper is focused at arranging proper training, education, and qualification improvement as a communications and network-engineering specialist. Standards and Organizations The key organizations that set up communications and network engineering standards are not restricted with the national borders. Considering the global nature of the communication technologies, it should be emphasized that the actual importance of the standards is explained by the necessity to keep the technologies, as well as new projects, compatible with the different Operational Systems, devices, and equipment. On the one hand, these standards may restrict some innovative initiatives; on the other hand, standards are aimed at preventing the war of formats. Considering the key standards of the communication and network engineering, it should be emphasized that the actual importance of the standardization is closely associated with the opportunity to prevent particular engineering disputes, and lead the R&D efforts in the single direction. The list of the most significant standards of the computer communication and network engineering sphere are mainly linked with the data safety, information exchange principles, problem diagnosis, and data structuring aspects of the engineering process. Therefore, the key standards are as follows: 1. ISO / IEC 18028-4: 2005. The key objective is to improve the data transmission safety optio ns, and guarantee the reliability of the computer communication protocols. This standard is helpful for developing protected communication projects, as well as increasing the encryption level of the confidential information. 2. ISO / IEC 14165-241: 2005. Fibre channel development regulation is intended at adapting the communication process for the optical fibre technology. Despite of the fact that optical networks are regarded as the best option for high speed data transmissions, the technology stays expensive enough. Developing this standard is essential for improving the quality of the connections, as well as advancing the technical aspect, and making the technology cheaper. 3. ISO / IEC 18092: 2004. NFCIP-1 communication control is essential for synchronizing and regulating the device communication process on comparatively low frequencies. Therefore, while high frequencies are featured with comparatively high energy consumption, the improvement of the 13.56 MHz technology is sign ificant for lowering the energy consumption, as well as reducing losses common for the high frequency transmission. 4. ISO 13400-1: 2011. Diagnostic communication standards are essential for developing the solution tools, needed for defining vehicle interface communication problems. Working with this standard can be helpful for increasing technological and problem-solving experience, which can be applied to any network engineerin

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald - Essay Example Daisy is Nick's cousin, Tom's wife, and the woman that Gatsby loves. She had promised to wait for Jay Gatsby until the end of the war, but after meeting Tom Buchanan and comparing his extreme wealth to Gatsby's poverty, she broke her promise. Daisy uses her frailty as an excuse for her extreme immaturity. A brutal, hulking man, Tom Buchanan is a former Yale football player who, like Daisy, comes from an immensely wealthy Midwestern family. His racism and sexism are symptomatic of his deep insecurity about his elevated social position. Tom is a vicious bully, physically menacing both his wife and his mistress. He is a thoroughgoing hypocrite as well: though he condemns his wife for her infidelity, he has no qualms about carrying on an affair himself. Daisy's longtime friend, Jordan Baker is a professional golfer who cheated in order to win her first tournament. Jordan is extremely cynical, with a masculine, icy demeanor that Nick initially finds compelling. The two become briefly involved, but Jordan rejects him on the grounds that he is as corrupt and decadent as she is. An earthy, vital, and voluptuous woman, Myrtle is desperate to improve her life. She shares a loveless marriage with George Wilson, a man who runs a shabby garage.

Explain in the space of one page why the tradition of holistic Coursework

Explain in the space of one page why the tradition of holistic approach to culture has declined on anthropology. Make it sure to tie your answer to the study of the politics of culture (one page only) - Coursework Example The paper will give reasons as to why the traditional holistic approach to culture has continually been declining on anthropology. In the recent study of human beings, the holistic approach to cultural values has declined the popularity. Some of the reasons leading to declining in a holistic approach include; community diversification and differentiation change in educational levels and public institutions, change in peoples lifestyles, modern methods of research, and improved technology. As compared to traditional period where people were concentrated in one region mainly the extended family, people have in modern days moved to different regions making holism difficult. According to the research, many people work individually and live independently. As a result, there has been reduced collaboration among activities and routine duties in human beings in the recent days. The government has a contribution to this in their attempt to change cultural practices. To this end, government link matters of culture with respect to necessity and unity hence altering them positively. Additionally, Change in lifestyle has reduced holistic approach to cultural practices and the study of human beings. People have acquired education and awareness in different areas and pursued different careers. These careers have re-located them in different places far away from their communities. Consequently, the human being has gained a sense of independent making them socially inactive in their new areas of work hence holistic become difficult in the study of human beings. Moreover, advancement in research methods and techniques has contributed to declining holism in anthropology. This is because modern research and analytical tools such as computers are widely used in tallying and analysis resulting to changes in public learning institutions. The modern equipments have made particular study accessible as compared to traditional time when resources were not sufficient