He Written Articles Essay

Loud speech. Bravado, boasting. Overly animated or entertaining. Boisterous. Overly friendly to other guests and employees. Drinking alone. Drinking too fast. Ordering doubles. Careless with money. Urging other people to have another drink. Annoying other guests and servers. Complaining about drink prices. Complaining about drink strength or preparation. Argumentative. Aggressive or belligerent. Obnoxious or mean. Making inappropriate comments about others. Crude behavior. Inappropriate sexual advances. Foul language. Making irrational statements. Depressed or sullen. Crying or moody. Radical changes in behavior. Speaking loudly, then quietly. Drowsy. Bloodshot, glassy eyes. Slurred speech. Difficulty remembering. Slow response to questions. Spilling drinks. Rambling conversation, loss of train of thought. Trouble making change. Difficulty handling money, picking up change. Lack of focus and eye contact. Difficulty lighting a cigarette. Lighting more than one cigarette at a time. Letting a cigarette burn without smoking. Clumsy, uncoordinated. Difficulty standing up. Unusual gait. Stumbling. Bumping into things. Swaying, staggering. Unable to sit straight in chair or on bar stool. Can’t find mouth with glass. Falling down. Mussed hair. Disheveled clothing. Falling asleep. Remember, just because a person exhibits one, or even several, of these signs it does not necessarily mean that the person is intoxicated. A sober person may exhibit some of these signs as well– which makes determining intoxication even more difficult. However, if a person who is drinking alcohol shows a combination of several of these signs and/or exhibits significant change(s) in behavior, the likelihood of that person being intoxicated is increased. Ultimately, you must use your own judgment to decide whether or not a person is intoxicated. These signs are intended to help you make an informed judgment, and then articulate your decision.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Application and Human Factor

Unmanned aerial vehicle, or UAV, is one of the latest aircrafts recently being utilized by the United States Military. Its conception has provided Air Force pilots with assurances of safe return after a combat mission, a feat never before attained in warfare’s history. Since its invention in the 1920’s, several technological advances have been made; extending flight distance and duration capabilities, and pay loading armaments comparable to those of manned fighter jets. Since UAVs are usually controlled by an external pilot on Ground Control Stations, or GCS, it is unavoidable for this system to be faced with human factors, sometimes resulting in mission failures, at times even in aircraft crashes. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Applications and Human Factor Recent technology has introduced to us a new form of aircraft in aviation. Perhaps due to the increasing incidents of aircraft accidents during these past decades, which often resulted in the deaths of even the most experienced pilots, airline conglomerates and military authorities had painstakingly searched for the completion of the invention of Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles, or UAV. In this paper, we shall be witnesses to a technology that has the potential to virtually eliminate pilot casualties, whether in war, espionage missions, or even in commercial flights. We shall also see how human factors affect such technology, in terms of control and manipulation of the aircraft, and the causal possibilities of human error in accidents. Background The United States’ Department of Defense defines the UAV as, â€Å"powered aerial vehicles that do not carry a human operator, use aerodynamic forces to provide vehicle lift, and can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely† (Bone, 2003, p. 2). United States’ war on terrorism has put UAVs missions as important in the gathering of intelligence data. Its unquestionable successes in the wars in Iraq, Kosovo, and Afghanistan had opened the military minds on its advantages during wartime. Missions that used to be reserved for Air force top guns, now the UAVs are slowly taking the front seat. UAVs have two obvious advantages over manned aircrafts: first is, they are found to be cost efficient; and it eliminates the dangers faced by the pilots’ during missions (Bone, 2003, p2). Bone cites a number of reasons on the seeming delay of the technology of UAV. One is because the technology to effectively fly a UAV mission has only recently been made available. Another is due to the Air Force’s slowly fading silk scarf syndrome, which gave preference to manned over unmanned flight missions, thus allowing for the UAV to gain more flight hours. Yet another is due to the earlier absence of a global crisis, which could have allowed for a quicker invention of the UAV due to the extreme shortage in the U. S. military of an espionage aircraft (2003, p. 5). UAVs size varies from a few centimeters in length to that of a 747 jet liner. U. S. Department of Defense currently has in its possession five types of UAVs: The Predator and Global Hawk of the Air Force; the Pioneer by the Navy and the Marines; the Hunter and the Shadow by the Army (Bone, 2003, p2). Despite the notion that UAVs have only recently been developed in the United States, it has been in existence in aviation for almost a century. UAVs were first tested in 1920, during World Wa r 1, but the United States did not put it into combat action. It was Germany who had laid the foundations on this technology during World War 2, with the invention of the V-1 Flying bomb. But it was to be in the Vietnam War that UAVs were first used as an espionage plane, with AQM-34 Firebee. Firebee epitomized what the UAV should be: versatile, easy to operate, transportable to other areas, and can easily be converted to payload missiles. In a speech by former President Bush in December of 2001, he had expressed his belief in the UAVs technology, particularly The Predator, as the future of warfare; as stated in a report to the American Congress in 2003 by Elizabeth Bone: This unmanned aerial vehicle is able to circle our enemy forces, gather intelligence, transmit information instantly back to commanders, then fire on targets with extreme accuracy†¦We’re entering an era where unmanned vehicles of all kinds will take on greater importance† (p. 7). U. S. Military U. A. V. s 1. MQ-1 Predator: It is about half the size of an F-16 fighter jet, a tail shaped like an inverted V, and is 27 feet in length and 7 feet high. It reaches a maximum altitude of 25, 000 feet, but for the fitted video cameras to work at its best, it needs to be at about 10,000 to 15,000 feet in altitude. Its take off and landing capabilities are similar to that of the normal aircraft, with the pilot on ground control. The Predator’s main job is airborne reconnaissance and accurate target pinpointing. It is equipped with a Synthetic Aperture Radar, or SAR, enabling it to see through bad weather conditions. Newer models also have capabilities to launch smaller UAVs to carry out varying missions. Each Predator unit’s estimated cost is $4. 5 million, and $30 million for the whole system (Bone, 2003, p. 25). 2. RQ-2 Pioneer: This UAV is the only type on the Navy’s and Marine’s arsenal (Bone, 2003, p. 29). It was obtained by the U. S. Navy in 1986 from Israel after proving its worth with their war with Lebanon. RQ-2 Pioneer is about half the size of the Predator, at 14 feet in length, and its maximum attainable altitude is 15,000 feet. It can remain airborne for 5 hours straight, and since its acquisition, it has accumulated over 23,000 flight hours giving suppo rt to the Navy and the Marines. The cost of Pioneer is estimated at $250,000 to $1 million, depending on the payload (Bone, 2003, p. 30). 3. RQ-5 Hunter: The Hunter weighs 1,600 lbs, is capable of flying at 25,000 feet altitude, and can stay airborne for 12 hours straight. It is equipped with E-O/IR sensor which enables it to fly in night missions. Recently, plans have been made to use Hunter to act as a reconnaissance to a squadron of attack helicopters, such as the Apache and RAH-66 Comanche, to maximize the helicopters’ attack zone. In 2002, a successful experiment was made wherein Hunter’s control was linked to the mainframe computers of the Apache’s during flight missions. The success of the experiment greatly maximized Apache’s efficiency during battle conditions. Weapons payload includes the Brilliant Anti-Armor submunition, or BAT, an effective annihilator of tanks and armored personnel carriers. Hunter’s cost with payload is $1. 2 million, ad the whole system at $30 million (Bone, 2003, p. 33). 4. RQ-7 Shadow 200: Shadow 200, a product of AAI Corporation, is 11 feet in length and has a wingspan of 13 feet. It was strategically designed for brigade operations, thus its range is only 30 nm and has a flight duration of 4 hours. And although its maximum attainable altitude is 14,000 feet, it works best at only under 8,000 feet altitude. The Shadow is equipped with an E-O/IR sensor video camera for day or night missions, and has the capability to transmit data to ground control in real-time. The Shadow cost is pegged at $350,000 while the whole system is at $10. 7 million (Bone, 2003, p. 36). 5. FQM-151 Pointer: All the branches of the U. S. military have, in the past, tried to develop their own type of hand-launched Pointer that measures around 6 feet in the last 15 years, and some of them had been on war missions, particularly in gulf War and Dessert Storm. However, the design officially approved by the Military is the AeroVironment’s Pointer UAV, which weighs 10 pounds, and has a wingspan of 9 feet. It can stay afloat for 90 minutes and has an up to 3-mile operational distance from ground control, within altitudes of 100-300 feet. Pointer UAVs have been best-suited for pay loading experimental miniscule sensors and have been a popular choice for Drug Enforcement Agency, National Guard, and Special Operations Forces (Bone, 2003, p. 37). 5. RQ-4 Global Hawk: This UAV is by far the most expensive ever produced, with per unit cost amounting to $75 million (Bone, 2003, p. 39). It specializes in high altitude, long duration flights that provides near real-time videos of large geographical sections. It is also the first ever UAV to make a successful trans-Pacific flight, when it travelled from California to Australia in April 22-23, of 2001 (Bone, 2003, p. 37). Its effectivity was tested in Afghanistan, when it flew more than 50 combat missions accumulating more than 1,000 combat hours, despite still being on its experimental stage. Global hawk is about the size of a corporate jet, measuring 44 feet in length and weighing 26, 750 lbs. Its maximum altitude limit is almost double than that of a commercial liner, at 65,000 feet, and is capable of flying over 35 hours without refueling. However, Global Hawk’s most apparent advantage is its capability of taking off, flying, and landing autonomously in any kind of weather. Commanders in the battle field aptly call this UAV as, â€Å"the theater commander’s around-the-clock, low hanging surveillance satellite† (Bone, 2003, p. 38). Global Hawk’s pay load consists of a 2,000 pound group of sensors, which is much larger than on any of the previous UAVs. it includes an all weather SAR with a Moving Target Indicator capability, E-O digital camera, IR sensor, and a Signals Intelligence Sensor, or SIGINT, making it a virtually multi-intelligence UAV (Bone, 2003, p. 8). As a testament to its technological superiority, Global Hawk’s radar-sensors and IR cameras were able to accurately pinpoint Iraqi targets in March 24-27, of 2002, despite of having a near-zero visibility on the ground due to a relentless sandstorm in Iraq. 6. Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle: UCAV is the first ever unmanned aero-system designed primarily and purely for combat missions. It is similar in size to the Air Force’s Predator, at 27 feet in length and a wingspan of 34 feet. Equal to manned fighter jets in weaponry and stealth capabilities, the U. S. Armed Forces plan on having one-third of its deep-strike fighter jets be unmanned by the year 2010 (Bone, 2003, p. 42). Due to its 1,000 to 3,000 pound-weapons payload, UCAV’s primary combat mission would be SEAD, or Suppression of Enemy Air Defense, to be followed by precision targeting of enemy installations. 7. Vertical Takeoff and Landing Tactical UAV: Commonly known as VTUAV Fire Scout, it is a helicopter-looking design intended as a replacement for the Pioneer. It is about 23 feet in length, with a maximum altitude of 20,000 feet and maximum flight duration of 6 hours. Its maximum distance of operations is 110 nm from the control ship and has a speed of 115 knots (Bone, 2003, p. 43). UTUAV Fire Scout, unlike the Pioneer which utilizes a net in order to be recovered in a ship, ha the capability of autonomously taking off and landing through the use of sensors. Fire Scout is an unmanned equivalent of the commercial-use Schweitzer helicopter, it ahs an E-O/IR sensor that also serves as a laser targeting designator. It is also capable of mine-detecting, and is equipped with Hellfire missiles. Fire Scouts are being utilized in special operations support and homeland security services (Bone, 2009, p. 4). 8. Dragon Eye: it is the opposite of the Global Hawk in terms of range and size. Being a 5-pounder, with just a 45 inch wingspan UAV, the Dragon Eye can provide marines with over-the-hill surveillance of enemy troops, making it an ideal UAV for urban warfare, chemical, as well as biological-oriented missions. It is portable enough to fit in a backpack and can be launched by hand or with a bungee cord. This UAV can stay aloft for 1 hour, at a height of 300-500 feet, with speeds of up to 40 mph. Because of its small frame, its production cost which includes three planes, is only at $90,000 (Bone, 2003, p. 7). 9. Dragon Warrior: Resembling a small helicopter of about 105 inches long and flight range of 50 miles, and maximum duration of 3 hours, this will be a vertical take off and landing UAV designed for surveillance in urban areas. It will also be equipped with E-O/IR sensor camera and a laser target designator. 10. A-160 Hummingbird: The Hummingbird is also an unmanned helicopter designed to have longer flight duration and distance over the other models, with a range of 2,000 nm and a duration lasting for 48 hours, respectively. With its maximum flight altitude of 30,000 feet and a speed of 130-140kt, it will greatly assist in surveillance, targeting thru laser designation, communications relaying, weapons delivery to infantries, and special operations missions (Bone, 2003, p. 49). 11. Scan Eagle: Boeing’s UAV can be optionally launched from a ship, on land, or even from a submarine. The idea if to have a horde of 4-foot UAVs linked directly on a submarine for reconnaissance purposes. 12. Eagle Eye: This type of UAV takes off like a helicopter, and then flips its rotor blades to fly like an airplane. Its speed is up to 220 knots and has a distance of 300 miles. This type of UAV is suited for patrolling the coastline, locating ships in distress, and also has the capability to transmit videos to command centers. Production cost for the Eagle eye is at $3 million per plane (Bone, 2003, p. 50). 13. Micro Air Vehicle, MAV: unlike the UAVs, MAV is only inches in length, and production costs would be in the thousands and not in millions. As an example, the Organic Air Vehicle, or OAV, measures only 9 inches wide. It has a ducted fan design, and carries an E-O sensor, which comes in infrared or acoustic models. Because of its very small size, MAVs can be programmed for watch-and-stare missions on enemy troops while on air, and also while on land. These MAVs can autonomously lift off and land on itself. Modifications have also been done, resulting in the advent of UCAR, or Unmanned Combat Armed Rotorcraft. These will have the capability as a reconnaissance to ground troops, as well as offensive purposes. It will also be capable of system-linking with other manned and UAVs for performing synchronized attacks (Bone, 2003, p. 51). Human Factor in UAV Flights Since unmanned flights have slowly been gaining popularity in both military and commercial uses, perhaps it will be sooner than we expect for UAVs to replace manned flights permanently. It would be wise for us to give insights on issues concerning cognitive factors affecting the pilots, especially since accident occurrences in UAV flights have been proven to be over thirty times more common than in manned aircraft flights (McCarley & Wickens, 2005, p. 2). It is also possible for UAV pilots to be manning more than one aircraft simultaneously, entailing never-before-encountered workload pressures. Manual v Automated Flights 1. It has been widely accepted that the effect of automation has not resulted in the elimination of human workload but the introduction of new ones, forcing the pilots to develop new strategies (McCarley & Wickens, 2005, p. 4). The changing of strategies is often the result descriptive of an imperfect system, not of the computer software type, but of the factors that even a perfectly-running automation system would not be able to detect, such as the icing of an UAV wing. 2. The present UAV take off and landing automated procedures differ according to the model. Such that the Hunter and the Pioneer require an on-site external pilot; the Predator to be controlled on a separate aircraft within the Ground Control Site; while there are some cases, as in Global Hawk, where full automation is integrated. These differences seem to be significant, take off and landing errors make up for a majority of accidents attributed to human factors; Hunter with 67% and the Pioneer with 78%, both are externally controlled (McCarley & Wickens, 2005, p. ). 3. An external pilot of a UAV basically relies on computer imagery in controlling the aircraft. The visual quality of the imagery, however, has the possibility of being diminished due to factors affecting bandwidth, resulting in poor resolution or a delay in image uploading. Situations such as these may prejudice overall aircraft control and visibility of air traffic. This poses a clear danger in military missions, more so in the planned commercial implementation of autonomic control of commercial flights. 4. On way of solving the problem stated in #3 is by the use of enhanced reality, or synthetic vision (McCarley & Wickens, 2005, p. 7). In this system, images from the actual camera shots of a UAV will be converted to display landmarks on a given terrain, thus creating a virtual reality world that the external pilot can manipulate. The problem with this system is that pilot’s over reliance on synthetic imagery would lead to a possible neglect of some natural landmarks not visible in the imagery system. Thus, using this method would be beneficial for the UAV performance but comes with a potential risk. . One of the resulting effects of separating the pilot from the aircraft is that the pilot would be denied of his real-time sensory reactions otherwise available in a manned aircraft, and that he would have to rely on computer monitors provided for by the cameras onboard the UAV. Hence, we can conclude that the external pilot only functions in a relatively sensory isolation from t he UAV he is controlling. It would be of utmost importance for the developers to design an alarms system to keep the pilots abreast of the real-time environmental situations and probable system failures. . Since UAV pilots are not in danger of injury or death in the event of their aircraft crashing, this could, in theory, prove to be a big difference in the pilot’s risk-taking decisions, such as in going through a flight plan on a bad weather. Sensory isolation factor could be magnified during these situations (McCarley & Wickens, 2005, p. 10). 7. The accepted norm during long endurance UAV flights had been to switch control among different external pilots within a single flight. This process usually takes on three types: First is the transfer of UAV control from one Ground Control Station to another; second is through the transfer of control from one team of operators to another, within the same GCS; and last is through the transfer of control from one pilot to another within the same team. It has been documented that a significant number of UAV accidents happened during the transfer from one pilot to another, because the GCS taking over control of the UAV was not properly briefed beforehand (McCarley & Wickens, 2005, p. 0). 8. Instances of a total failure of the Ground Control Station-UAV communications link would prove to be disastrous. This scenario can be considered as a human factor because of the need for the Automated Traffic Center, or ATM, to be aware of the default programs of the UAV system in order to properly manage air traffic within their area. It would also be of the utmost importance for the external pilots themselves to be aware of the comm unications link failure as quickly as possible. 9. Researches on whether experienced manned pilots are better operators than novice manned pilots have ended in differing conclusions. Although generally, as the experiments revealed, experienced manned pilots reached the desired level of performance in landing and basic maneuvering skills faster than that of the novice’s. Other studies, however, based on the Army’s Job Assessment Software System, or JASS, revealed that piloting skills does not constitute a great deal in UAV operations, thus making the selection of top pilots as UAV operators insignificant (McCarley, & Wickens, 2005, p. 3). 10. Questions on medical qualifications of the UAV operator should also be brought into light. Since physical factors concerning high altitude temporary mental perception failure does not concern AUV pilots, still some type of medical fitness qualifications must be practiced. These must be able to determine if: the said qualifications should be more stringent or less for the UAV pilo ts; and, work duration limits should be established for long endurance missions. 11. Since the pressures and work load of a UAV pilot differs from that of a manned aircraft, and since formal training in flight schools are usually focused on instructing pilots for manned vehicles, which constitute less amount of time on simulations and more on the actual flight, the need arises for a training more attuned to giving more flight simulations to pilots of UAVs. This should be able to determine up to what extent trainee pilots should spend time on simulations in order to obtain a UAV certification. 12. Technological researches must be made to improve on the controls of the external pilot. At present, the controls of the UAV are similar to that of a radio-controlled hobbyist’s plane. This design poses a problem in the directional movement of the UAV with respect to the controller. As such, when the UAV and the pilot differ in position by 180 degrees, a rightward movement on the rudder will result in leftward movement of the UAV, and vice versa. Control rudders must be made to conform to the principle of human motion compatibility as to avoid further confusion for the pilot (McCarley & Wickens, 2005, p. 6).

Bull Run (The Battle of 1st Manassas)

Bull Run (The Battle of 1st Manassas) Essay The first major battle of the Civil War was fought in Virginia, near the Manassas, Virginia railway junction. The armies in this first battle were not very large by later Civil War standards. The Federal forces under Brigadier General Irvin McDowell were organized into four divisions of about 30,000 men. These divisions were commanded by Tyler, Hunter, Heintzelman, and Miles. The Confederate command structure was somewhat more stable, including two armies, with no division structure and thirteen independent brigades under Bonham, Ewell, Jones, Early, Jackson, Smith, Bartow, and a cavalry brigade under Stuart. The Confederate Army of the Potomac was under the command of Brigadier General Pierre G. T. Beauregard, and the Army of the Shenandoah was commanded by Brigadier General Joseph Johnston. These two forces would equal McDowells Strength.One thing that was odd was that each commander had planned to initiate an attack on the other side with an attack on the enemys right flank and a massed attack on the opposite flank. Had this been done at the same time, and both been successful in their purpose, the two armies would have pivoted around each other ending up in each others rear, able to march unopposed to Washington or Richmond. McDowell had planned to use Tylers division as the diversionary attack at the Stone Bridge, while Davies brigade did the same at Blackburns Ford. At the same time, Hunters and Heintzelmans divisions would cross Bull Run at Sudley Springs and attack from the north. McDowells troops involved in the flanking column, reached their jumping off positions two and a half hours behind schedule. Tylers and Davies attacks at the Stone Bridge and Blackburns Ford were already well under way, and the Confederate high command was beginning to sense an advantage because the Union attacks were not pressed very hard. When Beauregard was notified that Federal troops were massing on his left flank, he realized that this must be the main attack so began to shift his own troop dispositions. The Federals had about 18,000 men in the main attack column and it was only thanks to the quick reactions of Colonel Shank Evans and his small brigade that Beauregard did not suffer a major disaster. He quickly moved his small force to Matthews Hill to block the Federal move. Sounds of the fighting drew other brigade commanders to Evans aid on their own initiative. Brigadier General Barnard Bee and Colonel Bartow joined Evans defensive line and deployed their men to his right to extend and strengthen it. The Confederate position was still badly outnumbered however, and eventually the weight of those numbers began to be felt. With Tylers division threatening the right flank and rear of the Confederate position after having forced a crossing at the Stone Bridge, and their left flank now being overlapped by Federal reinforcements, the three Confederate brigades broke to the rear, heading toward the cleared plateau of the Henry House Hill. Unfortunately for the Federals, they were slow to follow-up their success and allowed the Southern brigade commanders to rally the remnants of their units behind Jacksons brigade which had just arrived and formed a line of battle on the reverse slope of Henry House Hill. In the meantime, McDowell ordered two artillery batteries to advance to silence the defensive fire. Ricketts Battery and Griffins Battery advanced to well within musket range of the Confederate positions near the crest of the hill. These batteries were counterattacked by Confederate infantry and overrun. The loss of the guns became a focal point for back and forth attacks and counterattacks by each side, with the possession of the guns changing hands several times. Finally having accumulated enough units to not only stabilize the Confederate lines, but also overlap the right flank of the Federal lines, the order was given for a general advance by Beauregard. This attack caved-in the Federal right and what began as a fairly orderly retreat turned into a disorganized rout. The equally tired and inexperienced Confederates however, were in no shape to conduct an effective pursuit, so the battle ended. READ: Restaurant Business Essay The Federals lost about 3,000 casualties (killed, wounded, and captured or missing), and the Confederates suffered about 2,000.

Digital media in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Digital media in China - Essay Example This "Digital media in China" outlines how restrictions and censorship in China caused the emergence of the local Chinese social networks instead of western and also describes the most popular forms of digital media in this country. The first forms of digital media that are popular in china are the video sharing sites. These include Tudou and Youku. The sites are the equivalent of You Tube that is popular in the western countries. Tudou started in April 2005, and was the first online video platform to be introduced in china. Most of the content is user-generated videos and premium licensed content (Crampton 1). Youku, on the other hand, enjoys the largest Chinese video animation. This site started in December 2006. The videos are licensed, and professional, user generated and self-produced web videos (Crampton 1). However, the use of these sites by Chinese Netizens is different from how Americans use YouTube. These sites do not contain short video of cute animals or silly domestic mi shaps that are popular among YouTube users (Crampton 1). The content of these sites is more reliable, longer, and up to 70 percent is professionally produced (Crampton 1). Most of the users spend more than one hour as compared to counterparts that spend less than 20 minutes per day (Crampton 1). The Chinese sites are more online television stations or a substitute for digital video recorders. An individual in China have discretion of posting videos, but most of the subject of online video is longer-format professional videos. Most of the videos are external programs pirated, subtitled, and uploaded hours after screening in western countries such as United States (Crampton 1). However, there is increased demand of content on Youku and Tudou, and this has resulted to mushrooming of companies that focus solely on online video. The sites television like atmosphere has prompted most of young Chinese reliance on them. The other site is Sina Weibo. This is an equivalent of Micro blog site of the western nation. This started in 2009, three years after twitter. This is the most popular micro blogging platform in china. It has

Final report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Final report - Essay Example ?Southern Asia’ and ‘Confucian Asia’ concluded that an integral component of leadership which is known as participative leadership varies in its presence across the three clusters, where the Western or Anglo culture observably places greater value upon participation to assist leadership in comparison with both of the remaining groups comprising of Asian countries. Swierczek (1991) however, negates this notion as per his research findings based on a sample of exclusively Asian managers who appreciate and favor participation over direction as leadership behaviors. Adler (1991) suggested that leadership models developed in the West and particularly in the United States have failed to address cross-cultural leadership dilemmas which has greatly diminished their applicability on a universal scale, this brings us to the perspective presented by Bass (1990) who claimed that commentators and researches must learn to identify the distinction between leadership models that are specific to the dimensions of a culture compared to those that can be applied on a global scale. This suggests that the specificity of Western models of leadership is not an indicator of their effectiveness or ineffectiveness but a measure of their applicability. Dorfman et al. (1997 pp.233-234) concluded that despite of the common belief that the universality of leadership models and behaviors is very weak or in some cases non-existent, three distinct leadership behaviors; contingent reward, supportive and charismatic displayed their subsistence on a global scale, while, participative, contingent punishment and directive approaches to leadership were found to exist only in particular cultures. Similarly, the cultural specificity of participative leadership behavior was also found by Ashkanasay (2002) while, the findings of Bass & Avolio, 1993) also reported that the application of leadership models on a cross-cultural basis is a possibility. Mills (2005) adopts a neutral stance in his analysis of Asian and Western leadership models, acknowledging that while both approaches are fairly distinctive from each other they also carry a certain extent of resemblance. In understanding why certain aspects of Asian leadership models are so dramatically different from their Western counterparts, Mills (2005) asserts that in an Asian business setting family and political associations are more prevalent than in Western organizations, Chu (2011) notes that a majority of large corporations in Asia are in fact family business. Moreover, it is also speculated whether culture actually is the principle factor in assessing the difference between Asian and Western leadership models or is it the varying economic, corporate and social development stages of the organizations existing in the two regions (Mills, 2005). Mills (2005) argues that from a Western point of view, CEOs of organizations operating in countries

Integrated Marketing Communications Strategy Assignment

Integrated Marketing Communications Strategy - Assignment Example We target males and females ageing between 13 to 21 in eastern Canada. In order to create awareness and drive sales for our product, we need to create an integrated marketing communication strategy. Body Integrated marketing communication strategy refers to coordinating and integrating various communication channels of the company in order to deliver a consistent, clear, compelling message about the company and its products. It refers to recognize all such touch points where the customer can encounter the company and its brands. Each contact with the brand will give a message, good, bad or indifferent. The company will want to deliver a positive and consistent message with each of the contacts. It will lead to total marketing communication strategy which will aim at building stronger relationships with customer by showing how the customers can get help to solve their problems from the company and its products. The integrated marketing communication strategy will make a tie of the com pany’s images and messages. A blended mix of the promotion tools can be used for promoting our company’s products. It can be advertising, personal selling, public relations, direct marketing and sales promotion. Now a day, customers get bombarded with the messages of company from all directions. The company’s print advertisement and television will have the same look, message; feel similar to its personal selling communication and email. The material of its public relation will project the same image like its social network presence and website. Under the plan of overall marketing communication unique roles played by different media must be coordinated carefully by the company in order to attract, inform and persuade consumers. It must coordinate all the touch points of customers for ensuring clear brand messages. Provided with a marketing budget of $1million for 6 month period, different kind of promotion tool can be used according to the following allocation: Advertising $0.40 million, personal selling $0.20 million, public relation $ 0.18 million, direct marketing $0.10 million, sales promotion $0.12 million. More spending should be made towards advertising as advertising is a very good form of informing and persuading customers about a company’s products. It is a paid form of non personal promotion and presentation of goods, services and ideas by an identified sponsor. Advertising can be informative, persuasive and reminder. Creating an advertising strategy needs two major elements. It consists of creating advertising messages and selecting a media for advertisement. Public relation is another promotion tool which aims at building good relations with various publics of company by building up a good corporate image, obtaining publicity, handling off unfavorable stories, rumors and events. Several tools can be used for public relation like news, speeches, special events, written materials, audiovisual materials, corporate identity materials, public service activities, marketing campaigns and social networking processes. Personal selling is an interpersonal arm of promotional mix. Through the process of personal selling, the sales people of a company communicate and create customer value through personal interaction with the customers. It is a form of personal presentation by the sales force of firm for the purpose of boosting up sales and to build relationship with

Tiananmen Square Massacre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tiananmen Square Massacre - Essay Example On April 15 of 1989, Hu Yaobang, former Communist party chief and a leading reformist, died of a heart attack. He was a popular figure among anti-communist citizens and his death was a catalyst for the protests leading up to and culminating in the Tiananmen Square Massacre. Mourners begin to gather in Tiananmen Square to express their sadness and protest the slow pace of reform in China. (History.com, 2009) In the following days, numbers of protester in Beijing grow into thousands, and demonstrations begin appearing in cities and universities nationwide. Students and workers protest for greater freedom and democracy and an end to what they called dictatorship. Protesters complain about inflation, salaries, and housing issues. Tens of thousands of students gather outside the Great Hall of the People in Tiananmen Square on April 22nd as Hu Yaobang’s memorial service is held in spite of the city government's previous warning that they would risk severe punishment.

The Perception of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Perception of Nursing - Essay Example The term ‘leadership’ is usually described as the procedure of stimulating or motivating a collection of people in order to act accordingly for the purpose of accomplishing a common target. An effective leader is viewed to be an inspiration as well as the director of different activities which leads, influences, guides and commands people by a considerable level. The important features of a successful leader entail possessing the competence of building effectual communication proficiencies, quick problem-solving, making valuable decisions consistently and appropriately. It has been apparent from the fact that the aspect of leadership is deemed to be a vital management function which helps to maximize the individual competencies as well as probabilities in relation to the attainment of the expected organizational objectives (Northouse, 2009). The notion of nursing leadership refers to those activities which are performed by a nurse practitioner in order to provide a standard level of patient care. The leadership skills of a nurse practitioner includes making valuable decisions, resolving any sort of conflicts within the team members or multidisciplinary colleagues, acting with increasing integrity and maintaining a strong collaboration with every working member. In relation to the principles of a successful leader, the facet of ‘nursing leadership’ entails the practice of interpersonal as well as communication skills in order to manipulate different members with the intention of attaining a specific objective (Frankel, 2008). The meaning of the general term ‘applicability’ is relevant or appropriate to anything that may be applied in order to acquire an optimistic response. Moreover, it can be described as a deliberate act of applying any kind of a practical application for a specific reason or use (Riviere, 2011). ). For instance, in relation to this discussion, the applicability of nursing leadership with regard to the effectiveness of the patient as well as staff outcomes in modern clinical practices has been portrayed. Conversely, the notion of ‘effectiveness’ is principally described as the capacity of delivering or ensuring an effect in order to attain a predetermined purpose. Additionally, it is also defined as the extent towards which the different objectives are accomplished and the degree towards which the targeted problems are being solved in an efficient manner (Waldt, 2004). The importance of nursing leadership in relation to patients relies on the fact that the nur sing leaders play an imperative part in serving different patients with utmost personal care along with shaping the profession of nursing in order to become more responsive in today’s changing healthcare systems. The nursing leaders usually

Next Shop Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Next Shop - Assignment Example Next takes a long term view while deciding for its actions and ensures that its suppliers adhere to the same level of commitment too (Next Corporate Responsibility Report, p.3). It would be worthwhile to understand the operations of next before we delve into how the company trains and develops its employees to adapt to the market challenges. Understanding Next's Business Currently, companies are required to operate in the most challenging environment as they need to address complex set of issues for their business, for their customers, the environment in which they operate and the suppliers that they depend upon. Next fully realizes that these aspects cannot be tackled without taking into consideration its people on the job. With average 278,000 transactions done in a day, ‘Next’ claims to have 3 million active customers with them. With turnover of ?3,441million in the year ended January 2012, Next’s operation are spread in 7 countries with 26 its own stores and 1 64 overseas franchise stores in 27 countries operating in Asia, Africa and Europe continents. To cater to the customers efficiently and in time, ‘Next’ has established warehousing and distribution division. Next depends upon its suppliers to cater to the needs of its customers; at the same time, employees form a most crucial and strong link to service its valuable customers (Next Corporate Responsibility Report, p. 5-6). Next’s special emphasis on training and development of its employees should be seen in this perspective. Approach towards its People ‘Next’ believes in attracting and retaining the right people across all levels considering them a most valuable asset for the growth of the company. The company is committed to provide a healthy environment to its employees so that they can thrive in their personal and professional development. Moreover, the company works towards providing an environment where all employees are treated fairly, supported , respected and motivated so that they could reach to their full potential. The company has developed certain policies for training and the development of the employees. The company upholds basic human rights and follows International Labour Organisation (ILO) core conventions. Employees are imparted basic training so that they understand these principles. The company is well aware that committed employees can help grow the organization by delivering excellent services to the customers (Next Corporate Responsibility Report, p.16). Code of Practice Next lists key principles that speak about its employment policies. They are: Healthy and safe working conditions; reasonable working hours; equal opportunities; proper wages and benefits; no forced labour; employment security; no child labour; proper treatment to employees; and freedom of association to employees. Next applies above principles in each of the countries that it operates in and also insists on its suppliers that they also ad here to these norms (Next Corporate Responsibility Report, p.7). Safe Working Conditions Next gives top priority to the Health and safety of its employees. Next has taken necessary measures to protect their employees from high risk areas such as ‘falls from height’, construction and maintenance activities, vehicle movements, fire and many more. Next makes it very clear in its contracts with

Higher education Essay Example for Free

Higher education Essay A Chronicle of Higher Education article states that only 34 percent of high-achieving high-school seniors in the bottom quarter of family income went to one of the 238 most selective colleges, compared with 78 percent of students from the top quarter (Markell). Certainly, these numbers show that students that come from low income families aren’t getting the opportunities that they deserve. With college costs going nowhere but up, students from low-income families face tough decisions. Some students choose to attend community college while some make the decision to take out additional loans. There are also those who choose to drop out because they can no longer sustain the cost of college. Those who don’t have the money to go to a selective college are often not reaching their full potential. Therefore, college cost should be lowered so that more people can have the opportunity to get higher education. Such a push is needed; firstly, due to the continuous rise in tuition, higher education is becoming less and less affordable for low-income students. According to the Journal of College Admission, from 1982 to 2007, college tuition and fees increased by 439 percent, while median family income increased by 147 percent. Last year, the net cost at four-year public universities amounted to 28 percent of median family income, while a four-year private college or university consumed 76 percent of median family income (Mahoney). These numbers show that college cost has risen at a rate that has consistently outpaced the median family income and also inflation. Patrick Callan, president of the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education, states, â€Å"If we go on this way for another 25 years, we won’t have an affordable system of higher education†(Callan). Essentially, if college cost doesn’t stop increasing it will become unaffordable and many will choose not to get higher education. Furthermore, there are many students who aren’t getting the opportunity that they deserve because they are not able to afford it. At the most competitive colleges, only 14 percent of students come from the lower 50 percent of families by income (Perez-Pena). Some low-income students who study very hard cant reach the diploma or certificate. A New York Times article states, â€Å"While 2. 8 million students enroll in some form of higher education each year, most do not proceed straight through to graduation. Only one in five of those who enroll in two-year institutions earn an associate degree within three years, and only two in five of those who start four-year colleges complete their degrees within six years†(Lewin). College being outrageously expensive is one of the reasons students are not reaching their full potential. Access to higher education has become increasingly difficult for low income families, yet a college degree is more important than ever in today’s economy. Indeed, there’s no denying that college tuition and expenses aren’t cheap. In the 2011-12 academic year, the average net cost for a full-time student at an in-state public university was about $15,000 for tuition, fees, room, board, books and incidental expenses, according to the College Board (Clark). Four years of college costs about 60,000 dollars. Aside from tuition, college students also have to worry about the other expenses that come with being a college student. Those who don’t have enough to afford it are faced with tough decisions. According to a New York Times article, about 7 in 10 of the dropouts said they had no scholarship or loan aid. Among those who got degrees, only about four in 10 went without such aid (Perez-Pena). College students who come from low-income families are being forced to take out additional loans to afford college. Some students choose to attend community college while some make the decision to take out additional loans. There are also those who choose to drop out because they can no longer sustain the cost of college. Often times, students cannot afford the cost of living while completing a college education. Certainly, there are many reasons why students drop out of college, but the decision oftentimes has a lot to do with money. According to Public Agenda, a nonpartisan public policy research firm that conducted a telephone survey of more than 600 people ages 22 to 30 for the report, â€Å"Of students surveyed, 58 percent said they did not receive any financial help from their parents or relatives to pay tuition or fees, and 69 percent had no scholarships or financial aid† (Johnson). More than half of students are not being supported by their families or anyone else for that matter. Also, more than one-half of students are not receiving any type of scholarship or financial aid. The dropouts’ most popular solutions were allowing part-time students to qualify for financial aid, offering more courses on weekends and evenings, cutting costs and providing child care (Johnson). Most times, it’s just not attainable for a college student to afford college costs. Moreover, students who don’t have financial help from family or are not fortunate enough to get scholarships or grants are often forced work to pay for school. The New York Times states, â€Å"The top reason the dropouts gave for leaving college was that it was just too hard to support themselves and go to school at the same time. Balancing work and school was a bigger barrier than finding money for tuition, they said. In fact, more than a third of the dropouts said that even if they got a grant that covered their books and tuition, it would be hard to go back to school, given their work and family commitments† (Lewin). Essentially, low-income students are having to work while attending college. Many students find it difficult to find time to study, because they are too busy working part-time jobs in able to pay for their education and other necessities. Those students who are not able to balance school, work, and also other things often end up dropping out. A downturn in college tuition would definitely help those students who are in need of help financially. Ultimately, a decrease in college cost would greatly benefit the larger society. There will be more students who will be able to afford higher education. With this in mind, higher education will lead to better access to jobs with higher pay and the broadening of a college student’s social and mental horizons. College students will also no longer have to worry about being buried in debt after college. As Obama, the 44th president of the United States of America, states, â€Å"As a nation, our future ultimately depends on equipping students like you with the skills and education a 21st-century economy demands. If you have the opportunity to reach your potential and go as far as your talent and hard work will take you, that doesn’t just mean a higher-paying job or a shot at a middle-class life — it means a stronger economy for us all. Because if your generation prospers, we all prosper. And I’m counting on you to help us write the next great chapter in our American story† (Obama). In other words, Obama believes that higher education can lead people to success and that it is vital to the nation’s future. Lower college cost will lead to students reaching their potential. While it is true that a decrease in college tuition would just lead to students who are not meant for college wasting their time, there are many students who are actually academic material that cannot afford to get higher education. A study by the Hamilton Project at the Brookings Institution in Washington points out that half of Americans in the top fourth of the income distribution have a college degree. Among the poorest fourth of Americans, fewer than one in ten graduated from college (Porter). Higher education is turning into a privilege for the higher society. The rising cost of college is preventing low-income students from getting higher education. A decrease in college cost will give low-income students more options and it will benefit the larger society in the future. Ultimately, what is at stake here is that students who have the potential to succeed in college are not able to attend because they lack money. College has turned into a privilege for the higher society when it should be one’s right. Colleges need to be more accountable for making sure that their students graduate. Decreasing college cost will also decrease the number of students being in debt after finishing college. Higher education cost rising is causing low-income students to be locked out of higher education. Therefore, college cost should be lowered so that more students will have the opportunity to get higher education, especially those who lack money. Works Cited Clark, Kim. â€Å"How much does college actually cost? † cnn. com. CNN. Web. 24 November 2013. Johnson, Jenna. â€Å"Majority of college dropouts cite financial struggles as main cause. † The Washington Post. The Washington Post, 8 December 2009. Web. 24 November 2013. Lewin, Tamar. â€Å"College Dropouts Cite Low Money and High Stress. † New York Times. New York Times, 9 December 2009. Web. 24 November 2013. Mahoney, John L. Thoughts In Troubled Times. Journal Of College Admission 209 (2010): 4-6. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 November 2013. Markell, Jack. How To Give Low-Income Students The Chance They Deserve. Chronicle Of Higher Education 60. 6 (2013): A27. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 November 2013. Obama, Barack H. â€Å"President Obama on Early Childhood Education. † Remarks by the President on Early Childhood Education. Decatur Community Recreation Center, Decatur, Georgia. 14 February 2013. Perez-Pena, Richard. â€Å"Efforts to Recruit Poor Students Lag at Some Elite Colleges. † New York Times. New York Times, 30 July 2013. Web. 24 November 2013. Porter, Eduardo. â€Å"Dropping Out of College, and Paying the Price. † New York Times. New York Times, 25 June 2013. Web. 24 November 2013.

Challenges Of The Hr Specialist Management Essay

Challenges Of The Hr Specialist Management Essay As a HR specialist, what are the challenges you may face and what HR intervention mechanisms would you consider using in an attempt to drive individual and organisational performance in a multinational company? Critically evaluate this question by utilising the appropriate academic literatures. This thesis proposed the challenges of the HR specialist when there engage in attempt of increasing the individual and organisational performances in Multinational Companies through developing a set of coherent HRM best practices, especially relating to employee recruitment and selection, performance management and staff retention. Since the organizations are multinational number of concerns are arises such as dealing cultural issues with the organizational goals as well as individual goals. Furthermore organizational behaviors and tools such as engagement, motivation and empowerment are basically highlighted; without those it is merely a dream to achieving the business goals. Basically Multinational companies are aiming profits and there for individual and organisational performance are very vital for their existence. HR has been organized in a different ways over the years. Some functions have emphasized delivery by location or by business structure. In these models an integrated HR team has serviced managers and employees at specific location or with in specific businesses units, with some more strategic or complex tasks reserved for the corporate centre. The degree to which these different arms of HR were centralized or co-located and the question of whether they were managed by the business unit varied. Within the HR teams, depending up on their size their might have been specialization by work area (especially for industrial relations in the 1960s and 1970s) or by employee grade or group (responsibility, say, divided between those looking after clerical staff from those covering production) The advancement of personal management starts around end of the 19th century, when welfare officers came in to being. This creation was a reaction to the harshness of industrial conditions, coupled with pr essure arising from the extention of the franchise, the influence of the trade unions and the labour movement and the campaigning of enlightened employers, often quakers, for what was called industrial betterment. (CIPD Research Role of HR) Personal Management(PM) is mainly concerned with obtaining, organizing and motivating the human resources required by the corporation (ARMSTRONG, Michael, 1977) PM includes a range of activities which deals with the workforce other than the resources and also more administrative in nature. HRM deals with soft issues rather than administrative tasks of personnel management and explain a wide vision of how management would like the resources to organise to the success of the organization. Becker and Gerhart (1996) and Wright,Dunford and Snell (2001) have concluded that although the traditional view as HR acost to be minimised (Becker Gerart,1996:779)is being challenged by the rise of strategic HRM, the conventional view is still prevalent in the professional domain. Wright, Dunford and Snell(2001)expand on this by stating that the HR function hasconsistently faced a battle in justifying its position in organisations (Wright,Dunford Snell 2001:701) and during times of economic hardship, the HR function is usually the first function to feel the full effect of organisational streamlining and cost cutting efforts. There are various models exists to explain the peoples role in an organization. The business oriented approach to people management described by Storey (1989) as Hard HRM emerged as a method of responding to and supporting the enterprise culture of the 1980s. Hard HRM and Soft HRM are two contrasting styles that helps to tackle workforce in an organization. Hard HRM mainly focused on achieving organisational goals while Soft HRM deals with more insightful functions like Human Resource Education, Leadership Development, Organization Culture, Relationship building while the achieving organisational goals. More recently the importance of involving and developing people which is characteristic of current approchches to personal management has been emphasized by the resource based theory of the firm formulated by Barney(1991). This explains that competitive advantage is achieved if a firm can obtain and develop human resources which enable it to learn faster and apply its learning more effectively than its competitors. An approach based on this concept will aim to improve resource capability(Kamoche,1996)achieving strategic fit between resources and opportunities and obtaining added value from the effective deployment of these resources.(The name has changed but has the game remained same, Armstrong) Ulrich described how HR practitioners employ in a set of roles defined along two axes: strategy versus operations and process versus people. The four key roles that become known from these two dimensions are Strategic partner, Administrative Expert, Employee Champion, Change agent. Strategic Partners help to successfully accomplish business strategy and meet customer needs. Administrative Experts continuously improve organisational efficiency by reengineering the HR function and other work process. Employee Champions maximize employee commitment and capability while Change Agent delivers organisational transformation and culture change. (CIPD Resarch Of HR, 2007) There have been considerable tensions around the conceptualizations of roles and how the work of Ulrich and others has been interpreted. According to Ashton and Lambert (2005),while Ulrichs original four roles have been influential, whether and how they are put in to practice varies. (The changing HR functions) There are some organizations where HR is seen as a central, corporate function with little advancement to business units. Some other organizations position themselves in the opposite direction, with a very small corporate centre and all the activity distributed to business units. The question of best structure is how the function best organizes itself between the pulls of centralization and the pushes of decentralization.(The changing HR functions) The HR assumptions and HR practices observed in high performing firms are the key elements to the formation of the Best Practice theory. Employment security, selective hiring, self managed teams, high pay contingent on company performance, extensive training, reduction of status difference, and sharing information are the key element of the theory. However less concern about the organisational goals and culture are given as draw backs for the theory. According to the best fit theory a firms that follows a cost leadership strategy designs narrow jobs and provides little job security, whereas a company pursuing a differentiation strategy emphasizes training and development. In other words this argues that all SHRM activities must be consistent with each other and linked to the strategic objectives of the business. Selective hiring of new employees are greatly support to achieve both individual and organisational performance. Recruitment and selection is more or less subjective in its nature, with the objectives of any given business at the forefront of process. To select the best fit there is no specific way. It is clear that combining techniques greatly increases accuracy. The combination of intelligence test or work sampling leads to a substantial improvement in validity (Shmidt and Hunter(1998)). Comprehensive recruitment and selection policy will be enable an organization to become competitive with in the market and also, with right people in the right place at the right time, will lead to a high performing culture with in the organization while adding extra value to the organisation. The main focus of Employee Recruitment is to generate a pool of appropriate candidates for the selection process. This to be carried out in cost effective way and while remain in lawfull. Organizations can de cide whether to select externally or internally. Internal recruitment may not always be beneficial. Ex: no one suitable or stagnation. Best way is to recruit both internally and externally (Torrington, Hall Taylor, 2008). But many organisations prefer to look to recruit internally first especially when this represents a promotion (Newall Shackleton, 2000) To select the best fit there is no specific way. It is clear that combining techniques greatly increases accuracy , the combination of intelligence tests with structured interview, integrity test or work sampling leads to a substantial improvement in validity (Schmidt Hunter (1998).) At the interview stage attitude based competencies should give more priority in order to select the best candidate. In addition during the recruiting and selection process psychological contract between employer and the employee is distinct and specify. According to the report Engaging for Success: enhancing performance through employee engagement,engaged employees have a sence of personal attachment to their work and organization; they are motivated and able to give of their best to help it succeed and from that flows a series of tangible benefits for organization and individual alike'(Macleod Clarke 2009:7) HRM uses various technologies to direct employees behavior towards objectives and tasks that deliver approved organisational performance. Many organizations try to frame these levers with an overall performance management system, and attach incentives and rewards to achievements of objectives and targets within this. In recent years PM has become massively popular. The basic idea was to fix behavior to targets and attach financial rewards. Howe ever performance related pay was not always introduced for the best reason; there was a preoccupation with defining measures to which individual rewards could be attached and the connection with performance was often tenuous (IPM/IMS, 1992) For many line managers PM is still means no more than the appraisal process and it seen as time consuming, bureaucratic, paper driven and top down with little reference to organisational performance and goals.(Egan,1995) Despite significant efforts to present performance management as a systemic process and to raise managers sights (eg.Armstrong,1994;Hartle, 1995) many fundamental problems remain. A PMS may, indeed, support employee development, but this is often undermined by number of problems, among the most important which are, The link between individual behavior and business objectives, Defining and aligning objectives, Motivation theory and managers own assumptions and beliefs, Performance management as a management process, The impact on the employment relationship etc.. A analysis of above issues highlights fundamental questions about performance linkages and how rewards are attached to these and how the motivation to control unnecessarily and inappropriately vitiates the design of rewards and incentives.(Human Resource Management Journal, vol 10-No-3) In addition people performance is vitiated by the obsession with control and therefore is liable to undermine, rather than contribute to, performance. It should only be done within a context of strict attention to corporate business objectives and limited number of specific improvement goals. Engagement is a crucial organisational tool that can generate both individual and organisational performance and can be defined as a set of positive attitudes and behaviors enabling high job performance of kind which are in tune with the organization mission'(Storey, Wright Ulrich 2008) Recent research concluded that there are 3 broad groups of employees. Engaged (loyal, productive, would recommend their organization to friends) , Non-engaged (productive but not bonded, tempted by job vacancies, instrumental, focus on hours JDs), Disengaged (physically present but psychologically absent, negative, uncooperative, hostile, uninvolved) (Buckingham (2001) What a waste PM October) We can perhaps distinguish between two types of employee turnover: Functional vs Dysfunctional turnover functional turnover serves to promoted ideas and methods and can thus renew a stagnating organisation (Carrell et al, 1995, 177). According to Hom and Griffeth (1995), functional turnover is more common than dysfunctional: In addition, high turnover is often less troubling in relatively low skill occupations; especially customer-service related ones (fast-food restaurants, telesales, etc). Kearns (1994) suggests this is because organisations want to harness short-term enthusiasm. Thus, empl oyee turnover may not be a bad thing, however, there is likely to be a point beyond which it is unhealthy. Taylor (2008) suggests this is a rate of 5-10%. The more valuable the employee to the organisation, the more damaging the resignation especially if he/she chooses to work for a competitor Indirect concerns/costs include:-Productivity losses,Impaired quality of service,Lost business opportunities, An increased administrative burden,Employee demoralisation Direct costs include: Recruitment costs (advertising, admin, etc),Induction/training costs,Other admin costs associated with new hires,Overtime/ cost of temporary workers,Reduced productivity during induction Taylor (2008)-The employee turnover decisi Evaluate existing job, Experience job dissatisfaction, Think of quitting, Evaluate expected utility of search for new job and cost of quitting, Decide to search for alternatives, Search for alternatives, Evaluate alternatives, Compare best alternative with present job, Decide whether to stay or quit, Quit on process Mobley(1977), ten stage model. There are ways to investigate why employees leave from the organisation.,Exit interviews (89%)Anon. exit questionnaires (28%),Word of mouth (25%),Extrapolate from staff attitude surveys (23%),Exit interviews external consultant used (2%),Surveys of ex-employees (rare) (CIPD survey 2009) Following ways are considered as most effective way to address staff retention.Realistic job previews, Job e nrichment, Workspace characteristics (environment), Induction practices, Leader-member exchange, Employee selection, Reward practices, Demographic diversity,Managing inter-role conflict (Hom Griffeth, 1995) Multinational Corporation has its facilities and other assets in at least one country other than its home country. Such companies have offices and factories in different countries and usually have a centralized head office. Nearly all dominant multinationals are American, Japanese, or Western European such as Nike, Coca-cola, Wal- Mart, AOL, Toshiba, Honda and BMW. MNCs may take any of four forms: a decentralized that has a strong home-country presence; a global and centralized corporation that can acquire a cost advantage through centralized production; an international company that builds on the parent companys technology or research and development; or a transnational enterprise that combines all three of these approaches. In the modern world the capabilities and the knowledge incorporated in an organisations human resources are the key to performance. So on both the cost and benefit sides of the equation, HRM is crucial to the survival, performance and success of the enterprise. For MNCs, the additional complications of dealing with multicultural assumptions about the way people should be managed and differing institutional constraints become important contributors to the chances of that success. A culture is a set of basic tacit assumptions about how the world is and ought to be that a group of people share and that determines their perceptions, thoughts, feelings and to some degree, their overt behavior. Culture manifests itself at three levels. The level of deep tacit assumptions that are the essence of the culture, the level of espoused values that often reflect what a group wishes ideally to be and the way it wants to present it self publicly and the day to day behavior that represents a complex compromise among the espoused value, the deeper assumptions, and the immediate requirements of the situation. (1996)(Sloan Management Review/fall 1996) Geert Hofstedes theory of cultural dimensions describes the effects of a societys culture on the values of its members, and how these values relate to behavior, using a structure derived from factor analysis. The theory has been widely used in several fields as a paradigm for research, particularly in cross-cultural psychology, international management, and cross-cultural communication. The original theory proposed four dimensions along which cultural values could be analyzed: individualism-collectivism; uncertainty avoidance; power distance (strength of social hierarchy) and masculinity-femininity. (task orientation versus person-orientation) With compared to UK Asian countries characterized by high power distance and week uncertainty avoidance. The HRM approach in Asia generally accepted as being humanists rather than materialistic. Therefore MNCs in Asia focus much concentration on personal growth and development of employees. In return for an organization creating opportunities, employees reciprocate with increased commitment and lower levels of absenteeism and turn over. (Ayree, Chen and Budhwar,2004) In European context highly focus on Individualism and masculine with low power distance and week uncertainty avoidance Hofstede,1980). Performance Appraisal Systems (PAS) basically aimed towards being achieving individual-level targets for employees and preparing cutting edges to identifying performance ratings for rewards. Individualism is more common in western cultures unlike Asian culture is more parental. Therefore western HR practice may be not measured the required standards in Asian MNC employees performance if it not ideally matched for the cultural and organisational targets. However some argues that the world is becoming more globalised, all aspects of business and HRM are becoming more alike which indicate the convergence divergence debate. In conclusion there is evidence to suggest that including the practice out line within this thesis organisational behaviours and tools can used to drive organisational and individual performance in Multinational companies. It is essential to have suitable recruitment and selection process, Performance Appraisal System and Staff Retention plan to ensure the right people, In the right place, at the right time with right attitude. Training and development is also vital to improve HR performance. In addition HR Specialists role will be more specific when these techniques applying in to multi cultural environments where people perceptions and behavioral patterns are different from each other.

Exploring Social Marketing Strategies in Addressing Fetal Alcohol Spect

There are various health disorders, and diseases that can be either preventable or non-preventable within communities. One disorder that can potentially be preventable is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) (Idrus & Thomas, 2011). FASD is an, â€Å"umbrella term that encompasses the following disorders: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Alcohol Related Neurological Disorder, and Alcohol Related Brain Disorder† (Saskatchewan Prevention Institute (SPI), 2009, p. 4). For the purpose of this paper the writer will use the umbrella term, FASD. FASD is caused by the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy (SPI, 2009). Approximately 9.1 out of 1000 births have FASD in Canada (SPI, 2009). Therefore, presenting as a significant problem that affects many communities. Health ramifications of a person with FASD are life long. FASD effect’s all the determinants of health (DOH) in some form. A newspaper article was the underlying motive for the topic FASD and can be viewed in the Appendix. This paper will explore three DOH: social environment, income and social status, and healthy child development with relation to the impact on FASD. Subsequently suggesting proposed strategies in addressing FASD to improve population health. Determinants of Health Social Environment Social environment refers to the resources and support found in communities that help people improve or avoid health risks (Stanhope, Lancaster, Jessup-Falcioni, & Viverais-Dresler, 2008). Some females may participate in environments where social or binge drinking occurs often, such as going for a few drinks after work, the female maybe unaware of the effects of minimal alcohol on the fetus (SPI, 2009). Another example of the effect of the social... ...owledge and awareness of FASD in the general public (Riley et al., 2010). The negative aspect of these campaigns is the lack of behavioural change that was evaluated (Riley et al., 2010). As the goal of all of these campaigns was to decrease or cease alcohol consumption in pregnant women, this is an important implication (Riley et al., 2010). FASD is a disorder that can be potentially preventable in collaboration with a community. The social environment, income and social status, and healthy child development all influence FASD. Both social marketing and primary prevention strategies are effective and should be utilized to raise awareness and decrease/cease FASD in newborns. By incorporating proper messaging themes and collaborating techniques for the awareness campaigns shown, will help improve not only FASD, but also the health of the entire population.

Goals of the monetary policy :: essays papers

Goals of the monetary policy Goals of monetary policy are to "promote maximum employment, inflation (stabilizing prices), and economic growth." If economists believe it's possible to achieve all the goals at once, the goals are inconsistent. There are limitations to monetary policy. The term "maximum employment" means that we should try to hold the unemployment rate as low as possible without pushing it below what economists call the natural rate or the full- employment rate. Pushing unemployment below that level would cause inflation to rise and thereby ruin the other objective--stable prices, economic growth, which is our objectives in the long run. Overall financial stability will lead to a better balance between consumption and saving that will make resources available for investment purposes, reduce changes in the economy created by the inflation in the past, and by the reactions of savers, as well as fostering high and sustainable economic growth; and contribute towards an investor friendly environment that will attract foreign investors to the country. Evidence has suggested that economies perform better, in terms of growth, employment and living standards, in low inflation environments than they do when inflation is persistently high. This evidence is a comparison across countries over long periods. The association between economic performance, measured by growth of output or growth of productivity, and inflation. This indicates a negative relation; that is, the higher the inflation, the lower the rate of real growth. Evidence suggesting that low inflation promotes growth has motivated recent decisions by a number of central banks and governments, most notably Goals of the monetary policy :: essays papers Goals of the monetary policy Goals of monetary policy are to "promote maximum employment, inflation (stabilizing prices), and economic growth." If economists believe it's possible to achieve all the goals at once, the goals are inconsistent. There are limitations to monetary policy. The term "maximum employment" means that we should try to hold the unemployment rate as low as possible without pushing it below what economists call the natural rate or the full- employment rate. Pushing unemployment below that level would cause inflation to rise and thereby ruin the other objective--stable prices, economic growth, which is our objectives in the long run. Overall financial stability will lead to a better balance between consumption and saving that will make resources available for investment purposes, reduce changes in the economy created by the inflation in the past, and by the reactions of savers, as well as fostering high and sustainable economic growth; and contribute towards an investor friendly environment that will attract foreign investors to the country. Evidence has suggested that economies perform better, in terms of growth, employment and living standards, in low inflation environments than they do when inflation is persistently high. This evidence is a comparison across countries over long periods. The association between economic performance, measured by growth of output or growth of productivity, and inflation. This indicates a negative relation; that is, the higher the inflation, the lower the rate of real growth. Evidence suggesting that low inflation promotes growth has motivated recent decisions by a number of central banks and governments, most notably

Human Resources Management Essay -- Business Management Studies Essays

Human Resources Management RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION 1. Introduction Task 1 1. A report distinguishing between traditional personnel management and the new approach to human resource management, outlining their historical development. 2. The Human Resource department in TD Travel Group. Its role and purpose in the organization. Task 2 1. An analysis of the objectives and the process of human resource planning. 2. An evaluation of the systematic approach to recruitment for NIS Europe. 3. An investigation of the selection procedures used for NIS Europe and TD Travel Group. 3. Evaluation and Conclusion 4. Bibliography Task 1 TASK 2 AN ANALYSIS OF THE OBJECTIVES AND THE PROCESS OF HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING. Human resource planning is the task of assessing and anticipating the skill, knowledge and labour time requirements of the organisation and initiating action to fulfill those requirements. Human resource planning involves a strategy for the:  · Recruitment  · Retention  · Utilisation  · Improvement, and  · Disposal of the human resources of a business. It needs to look at the following factors: * What are the skills and abilities of the current workforce? * What skills and abilities the organisation needs in the future? * Where can the organisation find its future supply of labour? * What are the future objectives of the business likely to be? * How will the business manage and obtain its human resources to meet these objectives? In order to plan Human Resources effectively a business has to undertake considerable research. Here is a table showing the things companies have consider when planning human resources: What is happening now? ... ...by HRM to introduce new employees to the organisation, in all its social as well as work aspects. Stage nine- Review all candidates Review un–interviewed candidates and sort out those that my be kept on file for possible future use. Send standard letters to unsuccessful to applicants and holding letters to those being kept on file. NIS Europe will hold candidates on file for a maximum of one year. TD Travel group do not use this procedure, they would start their informal recruitment process again as and when required. SUMMARY OF THE SELECTION PROCESS FOR TD TRAVEL GROUP AND NIS EUROPE It is evident from the above information that NIS Europe carries out a more formal selection procedure than TD Travel Group. This is down to the fact that NIS Europe have more employees than TD Travel Group, and therefore see it necessary to have a HR department.

Modern Indian Women Essay

The status of women in modern India is a sort of a paradox. If on one hand she is at the peak of ladder of success, on the other hand she is mutely suffering the violence afflicted on her by her own family members. As compared with past women in modern times have achieved a lot but in reality they have to still travel a long way. Women have left the secured domain of their home and are now in the battlefield of life, fully armored with their talent. They had proven themselves. But in India they are yet to get their dues. The sex ratio of India shows that the Indian society is still prejudiced against female. There are 917 females per thousand males in India according to the census of 2011, which is much below the world average of 990 females. There are many problems which women in India have to go through daily, some of which are: †¢Malnutrition On of the major causes of mal nutrition among Indian women is gender inequality. In many parts of India, especially rural India, women are the ones who eat last and least in the whole family. This means they eat whatever is left after the men folk are satiated. As a result most of the times their food intake does not contain the nutritional value required in maintaining the healthy body. In villages, sometimes women do not get to eat a whole meal due to poverty. The UNICEF report of 1996 clearly states that the women of South Asia are not given proper care, which results in higher level of malnutrition among the women of South Asia than anywhere else in the world. This nutritional deficiency has two major consequences for women first they become anemic and second they never achieve their full growth, which leads to an unending cycle of undergrowth as malnourished women cannot give birth to healthy children. †¢Poor Health Malnutrition results in poor health of women. The women of India are prejudiced from birth itself. They are not breastfed for long. In the want of a son get pregnant as soon as possible which decreases the caring period to the girl child, whereas male members get adequate care and nutrition.  Women are not given the right to free movement that means that they cannot go anywhere on their own if they want and they have to take the permission of male member of family or have to take them along. This means that women miss visiting doctors even when they should, which adds to their poor health. †¢Maternal Mortality The maternal mortality rate in India is among highest in the world. As females are not given proper attention, which results in the malnutrition and then they are married at an early age which leads to pregnancies at younger age when the body is not ready to bear the burden of a child. All this results in complications, which may lead to gynecological problems, which may become serious with time and may ultimately, lead to death. †¢Lack of education In India women’s education never got its due share of attention. From medieval India women were debarred from the educational field. According to medieval perception women need just household education and this perception of medieval India still persists in villages of India even today. Girls are supposed to fulfill domestic duties and education becomes secondary for them whereas it is considered to be important for boys. Although scenario in urban areas has changed a lot and women are opting for higher education but majority of Indian population residing in villages still live in medieval times. The people of villages consider girls to be curse and they do not want to waste money and time on them as they think that women should be wedded off as soon as possible. The main reason for not sending girls to school is the poor economic condition. Another reason is far off location of schools. In Indian society virginity and purity is given utmost importance during marriage and people are afraid to send their girl child to far off schools were male teacher teach them along with boys. The lack of education is the root cause for many other problems. An uneducated mother cannot look after her children properly and she is not aware of the deadly diseases and their cure, which leads to the poor health  of the children. An uneducated person does not know about hygiene this lack of knowledge of hygiene may lead to poor health of the whole family. †¢Mistreatment In India violence against women is a common evil. Not just in remote parts but even in cities women bear the brunt. They are subjected to physical and mental violence. They are the one who work most but are not given their due. Every hour a woman is raped in India and every 93 minutes a woman is burnt to death due to dowry problem. There are many laws such as The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, The Hindu Succession Act of 1956, The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act of 1856, The Hindu Women Right to Property Act of 1937, The Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, to protect women and punishment is severe but the conviction rate of crime against women is very low in India. †¢Overworked Indian women work more than men of India but their work is hardly recognized as they mainly do unskilled work. Their household chores is never counted as a work, if a woman is working in a field to help her husband it will also be not counted as a work. A study conducted by Mies in 1986 states that in Andhra Pradesh a woman works around 15 hours a day during the agricultural season whereas a male on an average works for around 7-8 hours. †¢Lack of power In India a large percentage of women do not have power. They cannot take decisions independently not even related to their own life. They have to take permission of male members for each and every issue. They don’t have any say in important household matters and not in matter of their own marriage. †¢Marriage The family mainly fixes the marriages in India. The scenario in villages is very bad. The girl is not consulted but is told to marry a groom whom her family has chosen for him. They are taught to abide by the whims and fancies of their husbands. Going against the wishes of husband is considered to be a sin. In marriage husband always has the upper hand. The groom and his parents show as if they are obliging the girl by marrying her and in return  they demand hefty dowry. †¢Dowry Another serious issue in modern India. Courts are flooded with cases related to death due to dowry harassment by husband and in laws. In ancient times women were given ‘Stridhan’ when they departed from the house of their parents. This amount of money was given to her as a gift which she can use on her and her children but her in-laws did not have any right on that amount. This amount was supposed to help the girl in time of need. Slowly this tradition became obligatory and took the form of dowry. Nowadays parents have to give hefty amount in dowry, the in laws of their girl are not concerned whether they can afford it or not. If a girl brings large amount of dowry she is given respect and is treated well in her new home and if she does not bring dowry according to expectations of her in laws then she has to suffer harassment. Due to this evil practice many newly wed women of India have to lose their lives. †¢Female infanticide/foeticide As women were supposed to be and in some areas of India are still considered to be curse by some strata of society their birth was taken as a burden. So in past times they were killed as soon as they were born. In some of the Rajput clans of Rajasthan newly born girl children was dropped in a large bowl of milk and were killed. Today with the help of technology the sex of the unborn baby is determined and if it is a girl child then it is aborted. In all this procedure women do not have any say they have to do according to the wish of their husbands even if she does not want an abortion, she has no choice. †¢Divorce The divorce rate in India is not so high compared to western countries but that does not mean that marriages are more successful here. The reason behind low level of divorce rate is that it is looked down by the society. It is regarded as the sign of failure of marriage, especially of women. She is treated as if she has committed some crime by divorcing her husband. In some communities like Muslims women did not have the right to divorce their husband they were divorced at just the pronouncement of â€Å"I divorce you† by their husband thrice and they could not do anything except to be the mute spectator. Recently Muslim Law Board has given right of divorce to women.  After divorce women is entitled to get her â€Å"Mehr† for herself and her children’s sustenance. In Hindu society women get maintenance for themselves and their children after divorce.

Examining The Privileges Of Child Dreams English Literature Essay

Each and every kid has the privilege to dream. An stripling who merely possess nil else still can woolgather of a enjoyable and joyful life, a universe where there is merely peace, and a universe consisting of no wretchedness. That kid can woolgather of a universe where everyone is sympathetic, forgiving, and apprehension. However, when these optimistic dreams are demolished, and world is revealed, what is at that place for the hapless kid to make? When he is cognizant of all of the incorrect things go oning around him, what is he traveling to believe? In The Song of Kahunsha by Anosh Irani, one kid ‘s dreams are shattered when he has to confront the existent universe. His dreams consisted of him reuniting with his parents who had abandoned him at an orphanhood and of a perfect universe. This perfect universe consisted of no jobs, â€Å" no † was n't considered as a word, and everybody lived in peace and harmoniousness. Equally shortly as he embarked on the journey to happen his parents, all of his dreams were demolished. I perfectly loved this novel! I love Anosh Irani ‘s ( writer ) usage of descriptive linguistic communication as it illustrated crystal clear images in my caput. For case, all of the characters and the scene were described with maximal effectivity. The Mumbai slums in this novel brought back clear flash dorsums of my jaunt to India. I felt highly regretful for all of the unfortunate grownups and kids who reside at that place. Just believing about it after-hours gives me incubuss. The lone thing that I would knock is that this novel has a sulky gait in the beginning, similar in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, but one time you get past this slow constituent, everything goes by in a zephyr and the plotline is one of the best out at that place. To stop off, I would urge this novel to all readers because of the great sum of world that is embedded into this alone novel and its one of a sort plotline. Artlessness and Experience is a really common subject in literature. Both artlessness and experience are exact antonyms and one can non perchance be without the other. This subject can be easy applied to an person. When an person is rather immature, he or she is really guiltless but as the person grows, he or she faces many jobs and challenges. From these jobs and challenges, the single additions experience. As you grow, both physically and mentally, you start losing your artlessness and the experience that you gain is what replaces the artlessness. When you are a kid, you seem to cry when you notice that something merely is n't right but when you ‘re mature, you understand that this is world and since you ‘ve seen this happen multiple times, it merely does n't convey a tear to your eyes. You can compare artlessness to brainstorming because you can brainstorm without any limitations. When you start to compose an essay, you have to be smart and cognize your boundaries. You have to be cognizant of many different things for illustration, punctuation, passage words, citations, etc. Dreams play an of import portion in our lives. In fact, you spend about 8-10 hours a twenty-four hours woolgathering. This subject is really similar to the subject of contending in what you believe in. Some people believe that they should follow their dreams because dreams come from the bosom. This does n't look like a simple undertaking, particularly if you ‘re standing entirely. For illustration, if you ‘ve woolgather a dream that you want to carry through but is really ambitious, it might take your whole life merely to do a little impact on some of the people. Apart from this, if you truly believe that your dream means something, you should travel and seek to carry through it without looking at any of the limitations and who knows, person else might hold the same dream as you. For the film constituent of my ISU, I have chosen Slumdog Millionaire as my film because it best displays the subject of Innocence V. Experience. The name of this film is pretty self-explanatory. In Slumdog Millionaire, the supporter ( Jamal Malik ) used to populate in the slums of Mumbai but now he is a contestant on Kaun Banega Karore Pati ( Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ) . He has had a big assortment of unusual experiences in the Mumbai slums and these experiences have helped him reply all of the inquiries on this show and go a millionaire ( 20,000,000 rupees in the Hindi version ) The vocal that best suits the subject of Innocence vs Experience is I Dreamed a Dream by Susan Boyle. In this vocal, a adult female recalls her loving a adult male who has now left her and their girl. She thought that their love would last everlastingly but did n't even last a fraction of that. Bing really guiltless, she had no thought that this was traveling to go on. Since all of this has happened, she will look at everything with a different position. Recommended by Ms. Mckay ( English teacher ) , I decided to pick the novel The Song of Kahunsha by Anosh Irani for my ISU. It is a 1 of a sort novel. This novel has three chief struggles. These struggles are: Man vs. Man, Man vs Himself and Man vs. Society. After reading this novel, I have distinguished two chief subjects: Innocence V Experience and Following Your Dreams. The basic plotline of this novel is about the supporter whose name is Chamdi. Chamdi has been abandoned at an orphanhood by his male parent. He escapes the orphanhood tardily one dark and attempts to happen his male parent but rapidly realizes that it is really hard to last Mumbai. Chamdi is the chief character and is the supporter in The Song of Kahunsha. He is really immature and inexperient. Physically, he is a really scraggy, unhealthy, and ill-fed kid, about as tegument and castanetss. Chamdi is both, a positive mind, and an dreamer. Without any ground, he was abandoned at birth at an orphanhood. Chamdi has a vision to reunite with his male parent one twenty-four hours. In add-on to this, Chamdi dreams of a topographic point called Kahunsha, a land with no hurting, no wretchedness, no unhappiness, a land where people are forgiving and where â€Å" no † is non considered as a word. Sumdi is Guddi ‘s brother and is more advanced in age in comparing to her. He is physically deformed ; he merely has one leg. Sumdi and Guddi are two kids that Chamdi meets on his quest to happen his male parent. These two siblings have been shacking on the streets of all time since their male parent had passed off. Sumdi is a twosome of old ages older than Chamdi, who is ten old ages old. Sumdi is really persevere and bull-headed but on the other manus, he is a really compassionate and blithe psyche. Guddi is Sumdi ‘s younger sister. She is about the same age as Chamdi, give or take a few months. When Guddi and Chamdi foremost meet, she is really ill-mannered to him, but as the narrative progresses, Guddi starts to open up and transforms into a more friendly psyche. During a hazardous burglary, Guddi is earnestly injured, Chamdi merely knows one individual who can salvage Guddi ‘s life and hence, he obeyed every bid of Anand Bhai. For illustration, he threw a bomb that detonated inside a Muslim household ‘s house. Bing taken attention by Anand Bhai ‘s female parent, Guddi is all right at the completion of the novel. Anand Bhai, who is the adversary in this novel, is a heartless, inhuman and unmerciful character. The mendicants of cardinal Mumbai all work under Anand Bhai. They merely receive a fraction of their net incomes and the remainder of the money goes to- you guessed it- Anand Bhai. He intentionally has chopped off the custodies, weaponries, and even legs of his mendicants merely to do them more profitable. A adult male named Dabba is the perfect illustration of this. Dabba has all four of his limbs cut off so he is more pitied. All he can make is descry on the people in one country. He is called Dabba because Dabba in Hindi refers to package and he surely looks like a box because he does n't hold any limbs. After Guddi being earnestly injured, Chamdi knows that Anand Bhai is the lone individual who can salvage her. Therefore, he lies to Anand Bhai. Anand Bhai believes him and label along. After, he starts doubting Chamdi and subsequently, he finds out that Chamdi is lying. As a consequence, Anand Bhai is about to cut Chamdi ‘s lingua right off. Chamdi ‘s lingua is spared when he says that he will make anything for Anand Bhai. As a consequence, Chamdi has to throw a bomb at Muslim ‘s abode. To reason, Anand Bhai is the adversary in this novel. This struggle occurs in literature when a character develops an internal battle between his/her ideas and thoughts. In The Song of Kahunsha, Chamdi experiences and internal struggle. As he continues to maturate throughout the novel, Chamdi begins to recognize that this is world and his dreams were impractical and unrealistic. This is a struggle that Chamdi starts with himself and will go on on if he does non accept world. The existent inquiry is will Chamdi go on on his journey? or merely give up and accept that this is world. This struggle occurs in literature when a character has an statement or dissension with another character. In the Song of Kahunsha, Chamdi ‘s dream is non merely to reunite with his parents, but it is to populate in a consonant and peaceable universe. Man vs. Man is the dominant struggle in this novel because there are many people who act as barriers and prevent Chamdi ‘s dreams into going true. An example of this is Anand Bhai. Anand Bhai is a barrier and is the chief ground why Chamdi ‘s dreams can non be fulfilled. Anand Bhai has found out that approximately Chamdi Chamdi is now in his fierce clasp. For this ground, Chamdi can non go on on his journey in happening his parents. With people like Anand Bhai, the universe can non of all time be a peaceable topographic point. This struggle occurs in literature when a character disagrees with social values, beliefs and Torahs. This struggle is reasonably much the same as Man vs. Man but due to the fact that it stood out, it deserved to be in its ain class. In The Song of Kahunsha, Chamdi begs for money. Some people are really ill-mannered and they swear and spit at him, while others are generous and they give him some money. It is if all of society is against Chamdi and hence, he can non carry through his dream for a peaceable universe because of all of the offenders. The Song of Kahunsha takes topographic point in the orphanhood, the streets and slums of Mumbai, India. All of the chief characters, such as Chamdi, Sumdi, and Guddi live and seek to last on the streets of Mumbai. The clip when this stroy took topographic point is in the early 1990 ‘s. In fact, it takes topographic point in 1993. The narrative begins in the orphanhood, when Chamdi is merely an guiltless male child. Later, Chamdi escapes from the orphanhood and the remainder of the narrative takes topographic point in the streets and mopess of Mumbai. The narrative ‘s flood tide takes topographic point at Anand Bhai ‘s adda ( station ) . Overall, this narrative does non take topographic point outside of Mumbai. In my sentiment, the mood/atmosphere of the Song of Kahunsha is hopelessness. This is the temper of the narrative because of the unchanging letdown that Chamdi has to confront throughout this novel. An example of this is when Chamdi gets rejected by many people when he is out imploring for money. Another illustration of this is when Chamdi gets falsely accused of stealing from their stores. Unfortunate events like the aforesaid 1s have caused Chamdi to lose hope. In the expounding, a male child by the name of Chamdi is introduced. The narrative revolves around Chamdi, who is the chief character and the supporter. Chamdi has been abandoned by his parents at a little orphanhood in Mumbai, India. At the age of 10, Chamdi still resides in the really same orphanhood because he has nowhere to travel. His is still really guiltless and due to the fact that he has ne'er trespassed the walls of the orphanhood, he believes that Mumbai is an ideal metropolis, a metropolis of no saddness. Chamdi ever believes that his parents will come for him. Mrs. Sadiq, the orphanhood counselor, tells Chamdi narratives about the last clip she saw Chamdi ‘s male parent when he was running off from the orphanhood. At the orphanhood, Chamdi learns how to read and compose. The Hindu-Muslim public violences begin and Mrs. Sadiq tells the kids about the unsettled history between the Hindus and Muslims. This is when Chamdi dreams of a metropolis called Kahunsha ; a metr opolis of no unhappiness, a metropolis where there is peace and harmoniousness, a metropolis where the word â€Å" no † is non considered as a word. The trigger incident is when Mrs. Sadiq informs the kids that the orphanhood has to shut because of safety grounds ; the orphanhood is a really old edifice. Mrs. Sadiq tells the kids indirectly that they might hold to shack on the streets. This is when Chamdi has a strong impulse to happen his parents. During one dark, Chamdi escapes from the orphanhood because cipher notices at dark, non even Mrs. sadiq. The lifting action consists of Chamdi run intoing two siblings named Sumdi and Guddi. Like Chamdi, they excessively live on the streets. Guddi is the same age as Chamdi, while Sumdi is a few old ages older than Chamdi. They all become really close friends. This is when Chamdi faces world ; no one gives him any money, no one employs him, and all of the metropolis ‘s dwellers are cold blooded. This is nil compared to what Chamdi had dreamt of. Even though his dreams are shattered, Chamdi still does non give up in his pursuit to happen his parents. He tries to gain money the authoritative way- beggary. this is when he learns about a individual named Anand bhai. All of the vicinity mendicants work under Anand Bhai, who is a inhuman, unforgiving person who likes to see people enduring. Chamdi besides learns from Guddi that Anand bhai intentionally deforms people so that they can go more profitable mendicants. Chamdi besides watches a vicinity male child ‘s ear get cut away because he was n't following the codification of behavior. Chamdi, Guddi, and Sumdi draw to a decision that they will rob from Lord Ganesha ‘s temple and will take the following train, taking all of the money. Since Sumdi has one proper leg, he can non run. Therefore, Chamdi must be the 1 who commits this offense because of his lightning fast velocity. The flood tide of the narrative consists of Sumdi plotting out the whole robbery. The robbery twenty-four hours comes and Chamdi covers himself in oil so he can easy steal through the metal bars of the temple. Guddi and Sumdi distract all of the visitants. Nothing goes every bit planned ; there is a immense detonation in the temple and Sumdi dies on the topographic point while Guddi is badly injured. Chamdi begs Anand bhai to salvage Guddi because he is the lone individual that Chamdi knows who can make such a thing. In the falling action, Chamdi lies to Anand Bhai about a jewelry maker who ever leaves his store systematically during a specific portion of the twenty-four hours. He merely tells Anand Bhai after Anand Bhai agrees that he ‘ll Guddi. Guddi is put under Anand Bhai ‘s female parent. Anand Bhai finds out that Chamdi was lying wholly along. When Anand bhai was about to cut off Chamdi ‘s lingua, chamdi begs for forgiveness. Anand Bhai forgives Chamdi but merely less than one circumstance, Chamdi has to bomb a Muslim ‘s house. Chamdi does non desire to make it but he has no other option. Chamdi throws the bomb and makes a tally for his life. As a wages, anand bhai gives him fifty rupees which Chamdi spends on nutrient for Guddi. Now that chamdi has become an experient individual, he realises that his dreams were rather idealistic. The fresh ends off with Chamdi and Guddi gazing into the skyline. In The Song of Kahunsha, Innocence V. Experience has been displayed efficaciously and is the dominant subject. Chamdi starts off as an guiltless stripling in an orphanhood. He had no interactions with the outside environment, doing him highly guiltless. One dark, while urgently desiring to reunite with his parents, Chamdi escapes from the orphanhood, non cognizing the possible dangers skulking around him. He faced many rough times ; he faced world. For illustration, no employer would engage him as an employee, and no 1 would give Chamdi any money. Chamdi learned everything the difficult manner. From these escapades, Chamdi has grown into an experient adult male both physically and mentally. In The Song of Kahunsha, Following Your Dreams is besides considered a major subject. Chamdi owns nil but he still dreams that one twenty-four hours, he ‘ll populate in a perfect, harmonized and peaceable universe. These dreams were conducted when Chamdi was really immature, inexperient, and when he had no interactions with the outside universe. When Chamdi escapes the orphanhood, all of his dreams are shattered to pieces. With people like Anand Bhai, Chamdi ‘s dream can ne'er come true. Chamdi has to understand that this is world and there are people who say no, there are ill-mannered people, and there are public violences. From these awful experiences, Chamdi understands that his dreams were rather idealistic and he has to bury them and travel frontward. The narrative point of position in the Song of Kahunsha is Limited Omniscient in present tense. The writer uses a alone point of position. The reader merely knows about the ideas and feelings for merely one individual. This individual is the chief character and is besides the supporter. The narrative is told from Chamdi ‘s eyes. Here are a few illustrations of this: â€Å" Chamdi runs his custodies across his ribs, He tries to force his ribs in, but it is of no usage † ( Chapter 1, Page 6 ) â€Å" He stares at the H2O in the well. It is highly still and he wonders if he should leap in † ( Chapter 2, Page 26 ) â€Å" The Sun has come out and Chamdi stares at Amma ‘s scalp. The parts where hair has fallen out, or has been pulled out, are pink † ( Chapter 5, Page 94 ) This vocal is about a adult female who recalls her love for a adult male. She thought that their love would last for infinity but it did n't even last a fraction of what she had thought. She realizes how the adult male she one time loved is now merely a bantam portion of her yesteryear. I dreamed that love would ne'er decease. I dreamed that God would be forgiving. Then I was immature and fearless and all dreams were made and wasted. These lines briefly depict the adult female ‘s dreams. In her dreams, love ne'er dies and God is forgiving. Subsequently, she states that she when she was immature, she was fearless. This is because when you are immature, you merely have no thought of all of the possible dangers skulking around you. You merely do n't hold any of life ‘s experiences on your side. In the last line, she states that all of her dreams were made and wasted.. To me, this is likely the most of import line in this vocal because when you dream, you have no boundaries. This adult female had no boundaries in her dream and she applied the same dream to existent life, being unaware of the possible dangers. She applied it and she suffered ; her dream was shattered to pieces. But he was gone when fall came and I still dream that he ‘ll come to me. These two lines province the rough truth ; the adult female ‘s love left her all entirely but the hapless adult female still believes that he will certainly come back one twenty-four hours. The 2nd line provinces that you can maintain dreaming, even though it might non come true, everyone still has the power to dream. I had a dream my life would be, so different from the snake pit Iaa‚ ¬a„?m life, and now life has killed the dream I dreamed The last poetry is contrasting the adult female ‘s existent life to how she had dreamt it to be. She has described her life as snake pit and her dream was the entire antonym of what she is right now. Her life is what she is populating so it has killed her glorious dream. It is cardinal for us to woolgather, otherwise we ‘ll ne'er be able to accomplish or carry through anything in life. We must besides be ready for alteration, no affair how tragic it may be. The message of this vocal is that there are dreams that merely can non be and we should merely allow them travel. The subject of this vocal is Innocence vs Experience. The adult female was really guiltless because this was her really first love and relationship. She walked off from it as an experient individual in love and relationships. She now has realized that this is world and from this twenty-four hours on, she will look at relationships in a wholly different position. Associating the subject of this vocal to the novel was a challenge but with some job work outing accomplishments, nil is impossible! At the beginning of this vocal, the adult female describes herself as a really guiltless lady. Similar to the novel, Chamdi is a really guiltless psyche and he has hardly any experience with his milieus. In the in-between poetries of the vocal, the adult female describes all of the events that have happened to her. In the lifting action of the novel, Chamdi is seeking to last the streets of Mumbai. At the terminal of the vocal, the adult female compares the incident to a incubus and she develops into an experient adult female who will look at things in a wholly different manner. In the terminal of this novel, Chamdi additions experience from everything that was thrown at him in the lifting action of this novel. Overall, both characters start off inexperienced person and their experiences replace their artlessness at the terminal. Associating the vocal to existent life, you truly do n't cognize what life is traveling to throw at you, whether it is similar to the vocal ( adult female losing her love ) , or similar to the novel ( lasting rough conditions ) . Whatever it is, you have to be prepared. From mundane obstructions, you will get down to replace your artlessness with experience. Jamal Malik is the chief character and is the supporter. He and his older brother Salim live in the Juhu Slums of Mumbai, India. Their female parent passes off and their male parent is n't in the film ( likely, he excessively has passed off ) . Jamal and Salim flight when a greedy adult male named Maman makes an effort to flim-flam them into going mendicants. However, this action has a immense effect ; Jamal gets separated from the love of his life, Latika. Throughout the whole film, Jamal ‘s aim is to happen Latika, his fate. When he was a kid, he was ill-fed but the embonpoint visual aspect of his face, his actions and duologue made him an highly cunning male child. Jamal Malik is a contestant on the Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. He has had many unusual yesteryear experiences, runing from life in the Juhu slums, to giving false Tourss at the Taj Mahal, are all hints that help him reply all of the inquiries in Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. His aim for being on the game show is non for all of the money ; it is to reunite with his lost love, Latika. Salim Malik is Jamal ‘s senior brother. He is slyer in comparing to Jamal. He is really cocky and likes things done his way- it ‘s merely who he is. Due to the fact that their parents have passed off, Salim is the 1 who ever takes charge. Latika is the miss of Jamal ‘s dreams. As a kid, Latika was really fun loving and carefree. The older she became, she became more serious and more mature. When Jamal and Salim flight on the train, Latika gets captured by Maman, who wanted to utilize Latika to do money, fundamentally for his ain good. For illustration, he makes her into a cocotte. Latika and Jamal reunite after a twosome of long old ages. Somehow, they get separated once more and Jamal becomes a contestant on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. After Latika sees him on telecasting, with the aid of Salim, she escapes once more and for the 3rd clip, she and Jamal are reunited. Maman is the vicinity mobster in Slumdog Millionaire. He is really cagey and gets younger kids to implore for him and receives about all of their net incomes. Jamal and Salim have fled on the train because they found out the Maman was taking out guiltless kids ‘s eyes with spoons so they could go more profitable. Prem Kumar is the host of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( Indian version ) . He suspects Jamal of rip offing. During a commercial interruption, when in the washroom, Prem tells Jamal the incorrect reply to the inquiry. Jamal does non take his reply and sticks with his ain reply, and he gets it correct. This is when Prem calls the constabulary. Sergeant Srinivas is the inspector who interrogates Jamal. From his physical visual aspect, he seems really tough and intimidating. After oppugning Jamal for the bulk of the film, Sergeant Srinivas draws to a decision that Jamal is surely non rip offing and is an guiltless psyche. After watching Slumdog Millionaire, I have drawn to a decision that the chief struggle in this film is Man vs. Man. From the beginning, Jamal ‘s dream and end is to reunite with Latika, his true love. Man vs. Man is the dominant struggle because there are many adversaries in this novel who try to halt Jamal from making his end. Maman is merely one illustration, Jamal and Salim made it safely onto the train but Latika was captured by Maman ‘s work forces. Therefore, Latika was segregated from Jamal. After long old ages of seperation, Jamal and Latika reunite. Latika gets separated from Jamal once more when she is forced to day of the month a in-between aged rich adult male and as a consequence, she is forced to travel off. Due to this incident, Latika gets isolated from Jamal. Jamal eventually finds the perfect solution as he becomes a contestant on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. Therefore, Latika knows where his present location is and they reunite one more clip. In the twelvemonth of 2006, in Mumbai, Jamal Malik who an 18 twelvemonth old contestant on Kaun Banega Karore Pati ( Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ) , is one inquiry off from the expansive award, one inquiry off from winning one million dollars. Just before the expansive award inquiry, he gets interrogated by the constabulary. The constabulary have detained him because they suspect that he has been rip offing wholly along ( you would besides believe that because how could a â€Å" slumdog † perchance know all of the replies ) Jamal describes, through flashbacks the big assortment of unusual incidents that his life has provided him the replies to all of the inquiries with. All of these flashbacks tell the buttocks the scene narratives of the three chief characters, Jamal, Salim, and Latika. The narrative begins when Jamal is about five old ages old. Jamal receives an autograph of Amitabh Bachan ( celebrated Bollywood histrion ) . His brother, Sanchez, so sells the autograph to do some speedy money. Merely when this happens, their female parent dies during the Bombay public violences. Soon after, Jamal and Salim meet Latika, a miss from their slum. Jamal readily accepts Latika as a friend but Salim does n't. The three kids are so found and captured by Maman, who is a mobster and is a portion of their slum, Maman fast ones and trains the kids of the slums into going mendicants. One dark Jamal, Salim, and Latika in secret find out that Maman is blinding kids ( taking their eyes out with spoons, it`s really gross outing ) . He`s blinding them so ordinary people will experience really regretful for them and give them more money. The three kids believe that it`s non safe to implore under Maman, so they take the train and flee. Jamal and Salim make it safely onto the train but unluckily, Latika doesn`t and she is recaptured by Maman`s crew. During the following few old ages, Jamal and Salim make a batch of money going in secret on top of trains, by in secret picking pockets, selling stolen goods, rinsing dishes, by being bogus circuit ushers at the Taj Mahal, and stealing guiltless people`s places. After they have made a batch of money, Jamal and Salim both go travel back to Mumbai in their quest to happen Latika. They discover from one of Maman`s friends that Latika has been raised to go a cocotte and she is Maman`s most valuable slave. The two brothers discover her location, happen her and shoot Maman, killing him. Salim so has an matter with Latika and Tells Jamal to acquire lost. After many long old ages, Jamal is working as a tea male child at an Indian call Centre. In his trim clip, Jamal searches the centre`s database for Salim and Latika. He successfully finds his brother, Salim, but fails happening Latika. Salim isn`t regretful for his past actions but merely apologizes for them at gunpoint. Jamal so reunites with Latika. Moments subsequently, Latika gets kidnapped by Javed`s pack ( Maman`s rival pack ) . As a consequence, Jamal loses any contact with Latika. Javed and Latika move off from Mumbai. Jamal tries to reunite with her by being a contestant on Kaun Banega Karore Pati ( Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ) . Jamal makes it to the concluding inquiry, and becomes the top narrative in all of India. For the 2nd last inquiry, Jamal uses his 2nd last line of life. Prem Kumar ( show host ) intentionally gives him the incorrect reply during the interruption. Jamal still gets the inquiry right and so the constabulary flatboat in, surmising that he`s cheating. In the question room, the inspector believes that Jamal is true and kindly allows him to return to the show. Salim on the other manus, helps Latika flight and commits suicide, along with killing Javed. For the concluding inquiry, Jamal uses his concluding line of life and calls his brother. Latika succeeds in replying the phone merely before Jamal was about to hang up. With fortune, Jamal gets the inquiry right and wins 20,000,000 rupees. The film ends by demoing Latika and Jamal caressing, as the film fades out to black. The subject of Innocence V. Experience is displayed absolutely in the film Slumdog Millionaire. Changes like this occur over clip with many interactions with the outside environment. The subject was foremost introduced when Jamal is on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, when he is one inquiry off from one million dollars. This is connoting that Jamal is n't guiltless and that throughout his life, he ‘s had a big assortment of escapades and these experiences have helped him reply all of the inquiries taking up to the concluding inquiry. The novel has many flashbacks, one for each of the inquiries that Jamal has answered. With these unusual escapades, Jamal lost all of his artlessness and became an experient adult male. For illustration, when Jamal was a bogus circuit usher at the Taj Mahal, he recieved an American hundred dollar measure from one of the tourers as a tip. Coincidentally, there was a inquiry on the game show about the American hundred dollar measure. ( Whose face is on the American hundred dollar measure — Benjamin Franklin ) . This relates to the novel The Song of Kahunsha absolutely because in the beginning of the novel, Chamdi, the chief character and the supporter, starts off really guiltless. Through his many existent life experiences, Chamdi grows both physically and mentally into an experient adult male. The same goes for the film, from his first flashback, Jamal is really guiltless because he had no interactions with the outside universe. In his last flashback, Jamal has gone through a big assortment of escapades which have transformed him into an experient adult male. You can detect this alteration from his actions and from what he says. Overall, both Jamal and Chamdi start off inexperienced person and through their existent life interactions, they evolve into experient work forces. Anosh Irani is a novelist and dramatist who was born in the twelvemonth of 1974. He was both born and raised in the metropolis of Mumbai, India. He subsequently moved to Vancouver and he ne'er looked back. He besides received the Bachelor ‘s Degree in Creative authorship as he graduated from the University of British Columbia. Even as a kid, Anosh had a great involvement in authorship and he would pass most of his free clip composing originative pieces. The Song of Kahunsha is really Anosh ‘s 2nd novel. His first novel was The Cripple and His Talismans and his 3rd novel was Dahanu Road. Together, his three books have won more than 10 awards while the Song of Kahunsha has won four awards all by itself.