A Brief Summary of 5 Disorders Essay Example for Free

A Brief Summary of 5 disobliges EssayBipolar I Disorder is defined by the DSM-5 as manic or mixed episodes that last at least seven days, or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the psyche needs immediate hospital care. During this manic episode, people typically experience an expansive mood, excessive optimism, grandiosity, and poor judgment. Usually, the person also has depressive episodes, typically lasting at least two weeks. During the depressive episode, people may become hostile and physically threatening to other and also, when delusional, may be physically attacking(prenominal) or suicidal. The symptoms of mania or depression must be a major change from the persons normal behavior. Hypomanic episodes also exist in which a person experiences at least 4 consecutive days of increased energy and make a motionivity and elevated mood.Social care Disorder (Social Phobia) 300.23 (F40.10)The diagnostic criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) includes an anxiety asso ciated with social situations in which a person feels pressure or scrutiny by others. Such social situations almost always kindle fear in the somebody typically lasting for 6 months of more. There is a specific branch of this disorder in which the individual only fears commonplace performance such as singing, communicating a speech, an athletic event, and a lot affects work and school activities. Typically those individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder have a fear or anxiety that is judged to be out of proportion to the actual risk of being negatively evaluated or to the consequences of such negative evaluation.nightmare Disorder307.47 (F51.5)Nightmare Disorder is a repeated occurrence of dysphoric and well-remembered dreams that involve threats to survival and personal security. Typically, the dream occurs in the second half of the major sleep episode. former(a) criteria involves the individual experiencing distress affecting social interactions at work or other important areas of function.These nightmares are not caused by the substance consumption of alcohol, drugs, or medication. The DSM-5 defines a nightmare as a long and detailed, story-like sequence of dream imagery that appears real and causes anxiety, stress, or fear. In some(prenominal) instances, nightmares may be comorbid with several medical conditions, including coronary heart disease, cancer, Parkinsonism, and pain, and can accompany medical treatments.Paranoid Personality Disorder301.0 (F60.0)Paranoid Personality Disorder falls under the broad house of personality disorders. The criterion for paranoid personality disorder includes a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent. Typically the individual suspects without evidence that other people are out to harm or exploit him or her, determines that friends and associates are not to be trusted, is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fears, reads into hidden meanings about people or events, has unforgiving attitude and grudges towards people, counterattacks angrily when feeling that character or reputation is being attacked, and has recurrent suspicions without exculpation regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner. The pattern of this disorder is obviously one of distrust and suspiciousness. Generally these individuals are difficult to get along with and often do not participate in close relationships with others.Pedophilic Disorder302.2 (F65.4)Pedophilic Disorder is defined when an individual has recurrent, intense sexual arousing fantasies, urges, or behavior with a child 13 years or younger over a period of 6 months. Either the individual has acted on the urges or these urges have caused serious distress and social difficulty. The individual must be at least 16 years old and at least 5 years older than the child or children. If individuals complain that their sexual attractions or preferences for children are causing psychosocial diff iculties, they may be diagnosed with pedophilic disorder. The presence of multiple victims is sufficient but not necessary for diagnosis of pedophilia. pedophilia per se appears to be a lifelong condition. Pedophilic disorder contains elements that may change over time with or without treatment subjective distress, psychosocial impairment, or the decision toact upon desires.ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA American Psychiatric Publishing.

Power in of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Power in of Mice and Men EssayThe theme of effect is prevalent throughout the novel Of Mice and Men. Steinbeck uses various methods and techniques to establish the dynamics of power on the paste. In the first buy food, George and Lennie are in the brush and we enamour a strong sense of Georges enate control over Lennie, alone it also shows how Lennies physical tiptop gives him a degree of power over George. In extract two we meet Curley for the first time, and his authority over the ranch workers is clearly asserted through the various ways in which Steinbeck describes him. And finally, in extract three, we see the first fight of the novel. The fight is truly versatile in how it portrays power. At different stages in the fight some people have more authority over others and we see how the workers feel more strong together as opposed to individually.In this extract the hierarchy of power on the ranch is very shaken up. crush out one focuses on George and Lennies relat ionship. Even from the onset words such as timidly, softly, and gently help to establish the dynamics of their relationship. These words portray Lennie as a weak, almost fragile character in contrast to words such as jerked, scowled, and bastard which portray George as impatient and annoyed, almost like an cheesed off parent. Steinbeck uses a multitude of exclamation marks to emphasise Georges frustration. Ellipses are also used throughout the extract to show how Lennie hesitates and stutters though his sentences.This clearly shows that he is unable to recall information and is, at times, very nervous. This reiterates the fact that George holds the reins of power in the relationship. It is significant, maybe, that Steinbeck describes George as a little man. It points out that physical stature does not equate power in this relationship. If this was not true the tables would be turned as Lennie towers over George, which is why it is strange that he is so dependent on George. This re ally shows how Lennie is less powerful. Lennies metal disability makes him vulnerable because he is unable to retain information. This is shown through Lennies very simple run-in. ..But it didnt do no goodSteinbeck also uses many question marks to show how Lennie is constantly asking questions and thitherfore constantly seeking guidance from George, and once again, thats what gives George the edge over Lennie. When discussion moves to the bus tickets and work cards Lennie realises that he doesnt have his. He looked down at the ground in despondency which shows that he is ashamed and perhaps a little frightened of Georges reaction, but Steinbeck then goes on to say that George took responsibility for both of the work cards, perspicacious that Lennie could not be trusted. This, again, demonstrates the balance of power and shows that both George and Lennie are aware of how much power the other possesses. After looking for his work card in his pocket, Lennie take out a mouse to whic h George replies sharply. Whatd you take outta that pocket?Georges tone is accusatory which shows that he is astute. He then continues to bombard Lennie with questions, which gives Lennie the aspect to demonstrate another type of power his cunning. He attempts to deceive George. Aint a thing in my pocketAlthough childlike, this sentence shows that Lennies perspicacity is able to think of plans. How would he keep the mouse? By attempting to deceive George. Eventually, Georges patience gains thin and he exclaims Give it here shouting at Lennie like a parent. Throughout the extract George issues a multitude of orders to Lennie. You aint gonna say a word, Were gonna work, You jus stand there. These commands show just how pliable Lennie is and how George uses his power to make Lennie comply. George also uses idle scourges to manipulate Lennie.if I didnt have you on my tail.This, again, shows Georges parental control over Lennie and goes hand in hand with his use of the dream to make Lennie work. Just as a child would get no presents at Christmas, Lennie would not be allowed to tend the rabbits if he steps out of line. But, as much as George chastises Lennie, he does give him appropriate encouragement. Good boy. Thats swell.Extract two focuses on Curley. When he enters the bunkhouse his authority over the ranch workers becomes very apparent. Steinbeck says that he wore a work glove and he wore high-heeled boots. The simple fact that Curley has to wear certain items of clothing suggests that his authority is somewhat artificial as opposed to Slim, whose power comes naturally. It is important to note how Curleys body language changes when he notices the in the altogether men. He glanced coldly, his hands closed into fists and his glance was at once calculating and pugnacious. This kind of body language is very aggressive and he uses it to dominate the men. Lennie squirmed under the look and shifted nervously on his feet which shows that Curleys power is very obv ious and he continues to assert his power by invading Lennies personal space and speaking to him with a very brusque tone. Curley is quick to confront Lennie, as he feels like Lennie will be a threat dure to his size. Let the big guy talk.Lennie is unsure of how to respond to this and twisted with embarrassment which shows just how debilitated he is. As usual, George stands up for him and challenges Curleys power. George has a very monosyllabic tone of voice when speaking to Curley which shows that he does not feel the need to elaborate and is perhaps universe defiant. Yeah, its that way.Lennie looks helplessly to George for instruction when prone the chance to talk which again demonstrates Georges power over him. Eventually, when Lennie does speak, he speaks softly which suggests a lack of power and perhaps a degree of uncertainty. Curley starts to get aggressive with Lennie, but the anger is totally unprovoked. Even Candy is wary of Curleys power and looked cautiously at the doo r to make sure no one was listening before telling George that Curley is the bosss son and that he is pretty handy. In this role, authority is implicit and Curley evidently has a lot of physical power if he is being described as handy by the other ranch workers. This is important to note in extract three when Lennie and Curley have a fight. At the beginning of extract three, Curley feels his power is being threatened by Carlson. He uses very authorial body language to regain this power but it is in vein as the ranch workers feel comfortable standing up for themselves when they are together.Carlson lectures Curley on how he isnt as powerful as he likes to think. Candy joined Carlsons attack with joy and this is far from how Candy was acting at the end of extract two. Again, the ranch workers feel safer in large groups. Perhaps Curley decides to fight Lennie because he wants to demonstrate his strength and feels that Lennie is the weakest of the workers, therefore, the easiest to figh t. Curley stepped over to Lennie like a terrier. Here Steinbeck, yet again, uses a fiction to describe the invasion of Lennies personal space. Then Curleys rage exploded and he uses a lot of expletives to provoke Lennie.This can be compared to Georges language and how he curses at Lennie calling him a big bastard. Perhaps Curleys reaction is so vicious because he is afraid of being humiliated in front of the workers. Lennie looked helplessly at George which shows that he is weak, but more so vulnerable. Yet again, he looks to George for direction. At first, Lennie doesnt fight buns because he knows that if he gets himself into trouble he wont be allowed to tend the rabbits, although when Curley starts getting very violent George encourages Lennie to fight back. Get him, Lennie. Dont let him do it.The fact that Lennie has to be told by George to protect himself shows just how much leadership George has when it comes to Lennie. The line I said get him also emphasises Georges control . Lennie, however, redeems himself and crushes Curleys hand. Lennie is so adamant to do what George has told him to do that he stills holds on to Curleys fist even though George is slapping him and telling him to stop.George slapped him in the face again and again, and still Lennie held on to the closed fist. In conclusion, I think it is difficult to define the most powerful man on the ranch as Steinbeck presents so many different types of power innate, physical, implicit, parental etc. Throughout all three of the extracts the balance of power shifts frequently, but authority is always evident. Steinbeck shows it very modishly and subtly, almost manipulating the reader to anticipate certain reactions from certain characters which is why I find these extracts so engaging to read.

Causes and Effects of the Air France 447 Crash

Causes and Effects of the Air France 447 CrashAir France Flight 447 was an international, long-haul passenger escapism, from Rio de Janeiro to Paris. On 1st June 2009 the aircraft crashed into the Atlantic Ocean killing everybody on board. The aircraft is thought to necessitate crashed due to temporary inconsistencies between airspeed measurements, caused by the aircrafts pitot tubes being blocked by ice crystals. Ultimately, the autopilot disconnecting and the crowd reacting in squ atomic number 18 uply, led the aircraft to an aerodynamic stall from which they did non rectify (BEA, 2012).The accident resolveed from a combination of factors relating to both the technology of the aircraft and the training of the crew (BEA, 2012). The technological failures were piteous feedback mechanisms, un pull demonstrate of airspeed readings, confusing stall warnings, absence of visual information and poor indications by the Flight Director. Failures in training resulted in the crew not responding to the stall warning, not being trained in icing of the Pitot tubes and lacking practical training in manually handling the aircraft. Moreover, incomprehension of the land site and poor management of emotions weakened the task share ability of the co-pilots.This accident has highlighted a number of human mechanization issues in aviation. Automated flight- simplicity functions move annul some danger from aviation, however it also changes the activities, work loads, situation awareness and skill directs of the promoters, which john cause problems (Hodgson, Siemieniuch Hubbard, 2013).The first problem highlighted by this accident is the crews change of role from operator to monitor. Flight deck automation uses the crews ability to perform a passive monitoring role, rather than an vigorous operating role. One problem associated with this is a drop in vigilance (Mackworth, 1948), which is exacerbated when a system is highly reli open (Parasuraman, Molloy Singh, 1993). even so, these accidents are not human operator errors, they are automation system goal errors. More importantly, the crash of Flight 447 was partly attributed due to loss of situation awareness, possibly due to pilots having to perform a passive monitoring role. Monitoring roles can reduce the situation awareness of the current immediate state of the aircraft, as well as the awareness of its predicted upcoming behaviour (Sarter Woods, 1995).Lack of situation awareness can also be an outcome of complex automation, such(prenominal) as a having a complicated flight automation system which can result in pilot confusion due to poor interface design. In the case of Flight 447 the BEA (2010) report depicts that a poor adult male electronic computer Interface played a main part in the crash. in that respect were a number of reasons for this the Flight Director display was inaccurate, therefore accounting for most of the wrong pitch-up inputs due to an altimeter error. Airsp eed inconsistencies that had been identified by computers were not clearly displayed. Failure messages were generated but only showed the consequences not the origin of the problem. There was no indication of a blocked pitot tube on the flight displays. There was also an absence of Angle of Attack information, which is important in identifying and preventing a stall. This information was sent to on-board computers but there were no displays to convey this information.Furtherto a greater extent, as the level and complexity of automation increases, the levels of experience and skill needed to be able to line up from a failure or unexpected situation have increased (Hodgson, Siemieniuch Hubbard, 2013). This is because there is less time for the operator to become aware of and correct developing problems. For example in Flight 447 the crew had less than three minutes to find the problem and take action.Additionally, in the case of aircraft, the ability to recover from a failure or unex pected situation relies on the crews manual flying abilities too. However, with highly automated aircrafts there is a loss of manual flying skills experienced by pilots (Wood, 2004). Fanjoy and Young (2005) found that training and airline policies on automation, very much lead to a lack of opportunities to practice resulting in pilot complacence as well as the deterioration of flying skills. Furthermore, Young, Fanjoy and Suckow (2006) found that crews who used the most flight deck automation had poorer manual flying skills than others. This has implications when there is an brachydactylous situation in which the automation system disengages without prior warning, as the crews will rely on their manual flying skills. Furthermore, automation will celebrate stability until it is no longer possible, resulting in the aircraft going out of control as the flight crew take over, meaning crews need to have good manual flying skills.A further problem with this is that automation increa ses mental workload during high-load periods (Funk et al, 1999). This workload problem increases when there are situations that need further mental workload during an already high workload time. When the crews workload is high, developing failures of the automation system are more likely to be allowed to develop into a critical situation. For example, if damage has deceasered or instrumentation has failed, the Flight Management System advice is often misleading or incorrect, and flight crews can be overloaded with a vast amount of information and alarms, making it difficult to identify what the problem is. For example, the crew of the A447 were faced with more than 50 simultaneous alarms.One alarm after another(prenominal) lit up the cockpit monitors. One after another, the autopilot, the automatic engine control system, and the flight computers shut themselves off (Traufetter, 2010). This lead to them not being able to get wind or identify what the problem was before it turned in to a critical situation, ultimately ending in disaster.The above problem could be due automation being an inadequate crew member. Automation can act as a poorly trained, incommunicative member of the systems crew. There is often poor interaction between crews and automation systems (Norman, 1990), yet there is a need for multisensory feedback to crews (Sarter 1999). In modulate for a crew to achieve a in force(p) level of shared situation awareness, the automated system must become part of the crew. It needfully to do this by communicating its adjustments in order to maintain shared situation awareness. Current automated systems may indicate adjustments on a dial or screen, but they do not typically portion attention to them because they lack situation awareness of the bigger picture. Clear communication can prevent accidents. For example in Flight 447 if there would have been clear communication that the pitot tube was frozen because this would have stopped the chain of events from unfolding.To improve automation it is proposed that aircraft should be made into more effective team players. A humanautomation team should be defined as the dynamic, interdependent coupling between one or more human operators and one or more automated systems requiring collaboration and coordination to achieve successful task completion (Cuevas, Fiore, Caldwell Strater, 2007). Current automation systems perform as very inadequate team members, expiration the human operators or crew unprepared when failure occurs or unusual events arise. (Hodgson, Siemieniuch Hubbard, 2013). To improve human-automation interaction, systems should be able to trade and share control so that interacting with a system is more like interacting with a teammate (Scerbo, 2007). Future systems, such as Free Flight, are envisioned to have humanautomation teams sharing and trading tasks (Inagaki, 2003) as situational demands change (van Dongen van Maanen, 2005). Such dynamic situations create occasio ns where humanautomation teams can implicitly coordinate (Rico, Sanchez-Manzanares, Gil Gibson, 2008) on an near exclusively cognitive basis (Hoc, 2001). This would enable automation systems to become good team players. Furthermore, good team players make their activities observable for fellow team players, and are easy to direct (Christofferson Woods, 2002). To be observable, automation activities should be presented in ways that capitalise on human strengths (Klein 1998). For example they should be Event-based representations need to highlight changes and events, Future-oriented Human operators in dynamic systems need support for anticipating changes and knowing what to expect and where to look next and Pattern-based operators must be able to quickly scan displays and pick up possible ab normalities without having to engage in difficult cognitive work. By relying on pattern-based representations, automation can change difficult mental tasks into straightforward perceptual ones. Overall, changes in workload, reduced situation awareness, reduced operator skills, automation failures and unexpected behaviours have caused many accidents over the past three decades, including flight 447. As a result of these factors, manual retrieval when the automation system fails is often compromised. These issues may have been exacerbated by having a tightly coupled system. Tight coupling reduces the ability to recover from small failures before they expand into large ones. Tighter coupling between parts spreads effects throughout the system more rapidly. This means that problems have greater and more complex effects that can spread quickly. When automated partners are strong, silent, clumsy and difficult to direct, then handling these demands becomes more difficult. The result is coordination failures and new forms of system failure. currently it is argued that aircraft systems are only moderately tightly coupled. However, airlines, for financial reasons, are pressing for a reduction of flight crews from three (pilot, co-pilot, and engineer) to two (pilot and co-pilot) on the grounds that computers and other devices reduce the engineering load. More automation in its system and reducing the number of controllers will lead to much tighter coupling resulting in less resources for recovery from incidents (Perrow, 2011).Now the problems with the automation in Flight 447 have been identified, it is important to understand how refuge models contributed to the collar of the accident and what the implications are for managing asylum in the future, to prevent report from repeating itself. The first safety model and safety management strategy is known as Safety-I. According to Safety-I, things go wrong due to technical, human and organisational causes such as failures and malfunctions, with humans being viewed as a main hazard. The safety management principle is to react when something goes wrong by investigating and identifying the causes of the accident and then trying to eliminate the causes or improve barriers. This results in safety being a condition where the number of adverse outcomes is as low as possible. The principles of safety-1 have been expressed by many different accident models the best known accident model being the Swiss cheese model (Reason, 1990).This model posits that accidents occur due to multiple factors jointly. These factors align creating a possible trajectory for an accident. These can either be possible conditions, such as problems with the organisation due to its design or management, which are present in the organisation long before an incident is triggered. Active failures are mistakes made by human operators, which when combined with the latent failures, result in an accident. It states that that no one failure, human or technical, is sufficient to cause an accident. Rather, it happens due to the unlikely and often unforeseeable event of several alter factors arising from different levels of the sys tem.In the case of Flight 447 the model would allow each contributing factor to be identified. For example the technical faults would be the Human Computer Interface, pitot tubes, controls not being linked between pilots, misleading stall warnings. Human faults would be the Co-pilot pulling back on stick, poor management of startle effect, poor communication and the captain leaving the room. Organisational faults would be poor training, delayed installing new pitot tubes, poor design of HCI. When put together all of these factors played a part in causing the accident.Looking for human errors after an event is a safe choice, as they can always be found in hindsight. Looking and finding human errors makes it easier to find who should be held accountable and where preventative measures should be aimed. However, when the cause has been attributed to individual error, the preventative measures are usually misaimed. Accidents occur from a combination of many factors and by blaming the ind ividual, people often assume that the system is safe, as soon as it can get rid of the bad apples.However more recently, a proactive model of safety has been suggested. Proactive safety management is part of the aim of Safety-II, which argues that focusing on cases of failure does not show how to improve safety and that instead of looking at what goes wrong, there should be a focus on looking at what goes right in order to understand how that happens. In hindsight after an accident, many weaknesses existing in organisations are usually revealed. For example, detect the deviations from rules and regulation and find the cause. However, the fact that something did deviate from a prescribed rule is not necessarily a contributor to an accident or even an abnormal event. On the contrary, adaptations are often a norm rather than an exception (Reimana Rollenhagen, 2011). It should be acknowledged that the everyday performance variability needed to respond to varying conditions is the reaso n why things go right. Humans are consequently seen as a resource necessary for system flexibility and resilience. The safety management principle is continuously to anticipate developments and events. When something goes wrong, we should begin by consciousness how it usually goes right, instead of searching for specific causes that only explain the failure. This strategy posits that accidents are not resultant but emergent.In consequence of this, the definition of safety should be changed from avoiding that something goes wrong to ensuring that everything goes right. The basis for safety and safety management must therefore be an understanding of why things go right, which means understanding everyday activities. Safety management must be proactive, so that interventions are made before something happens. In the case of Flight 447 safety management needs to ask What could have been done before that flight to minimise the possible risks associated with it? (McDonald Ydalus, 2010) The risks were built into the operational situation before take-off. Routine measures in advance could not just prevent this accident happening again but provide a more general preventive shield against a wide mold of system accidents.This has been explained in a FRAM analysis model (Hollagenel, 2004). In this model there is a need to understand the essential system functions, their variability and how these can resonate, in order to identify barriers for safety. Furthermore, another way to understand why an accident occurred is to determine why the control structure was ineffective (Leveson, 2004). Preventing future accidents requires calculating a control structure that will enforce the necessary constraints. In systems theory, systems are seen as hierarchical structures, where each level puts constraints on the activity of the level below. This means that constraints or a lack of constraints at a higher level allow or control behaviour at a demoralize level (Checkland, 1981). The cause of an accident is viewed as the result of a lack of constraints due to inadequate enforcement of constraints on behaviour at each level of a socio-technical system.The model has two basic hierarchical control structures one for system development and one for system operation, with interactions between them. Between the hierarchical levels of each control structure, good communication channels are needed. A downward reference channel provides the information needed to apply constraints on the level below and an up measuring channel provides feedback about how effectively the constraints were applied. At each level, inadequate control may result from missing constraints, inadequately communicated constraints, or from constraints that are not enforced correctly at a lower level. (Leveson, 2011). Therefore, understanding why an accident occurred requires determining why the control structure was ineffective and preventing future accidents requires invention a control structu re that will enforce the necessary constraints.Therefore the implications for managing safety are that by combining safety-I and safety-II techniques, so that there is a proactive focus looking at how everyday activities go right, then accidents could be prevented by being able to identify the organisational and societal problems, which can then be changed before an accident happens, for example by making sure the right constraints are in place.Overall, pilots are part of a complex human-automation system that can both increase and reduce the probability of an accident. Training, automation systems, and cockpit procedures can be changed so that certain mistakes will not be made again. However, it could be that with the cellular inclusion of the humans and their variability, there will always be the possibility of an accident. However turning automation systems into effective team players may transform aviation, preventing avoidable catastrophes. Furthermore, safety management strate gies should focus on how to be proactive in order to identify potential accidents before they happen, focusing on how variability and adjustments are a part of what goes right in everyday performance, which may prevent accidents from happening.

Interaction of Dye-surfactants and Dye-amino Acids

Interaction of Dye- bed wetters and Dye-amino AcidsReview of the literature shows that the study of interaction of blot-surfactants and dye-amino acids provide useful serious information about physiological systems because of its widespread applications and relatively labyrinthian behaviour. These investigations are important from point of view of technology of dyeing processes as well as for chemical researches, such as biochemistry, analytical chemistry, and photosensitization. Most of the hold up on amino acids and biobulwarkecules have been carried out in pure and mixed aqueous solutions but the investigation of spectroscopic, tensiometric and thermodynamic properties of amino acids in aqueous dye solution has rarely been done. On the other hand although studies have been do involving dyesurfactant interactions, yet this particular field of research is still important for improvised dyeing process in terms of theoretical, technological, environmental as well as economic poi nt of view 1. The dye-surfactant interaction has importance in many areas such as the spectral behaviour of dye in microheterogenous systems, dye-sensitized solar cells, and photocatalysis like photocatalytic water splitting. It is important to understand how surfactants and dyes interact in aqueous solutions to clarify the mechanisms of dyeing and other finishing procedures. Hence the investigation of interaction between surfactants / amino acid in aqueous dye solution was undertaken exploitation diametrical useful techniques.Mata et. al 2 investigated the physicochemical properties of pure cationic surfactants (quaternary salts) in aqueous solution by means of surface tension (at 303.15 K), conductance (at 293.15333.15 K), dye solubilization and viscosity measurements. From the results it appeared that changes in the nature of the surfactant (such as changes in chain length, polar head group or counterpunch ion) have a severe nitty-gritty on the subsequent self-assembly in wat er. The increase in hydrophobic character of the surfactant decreases the CMC, induces sphere-to-rod transition at lower submerging and increases the solubilizing power of surfactant towards orange tree OT. Viscosity results indicated that the size of the micelles is relatively small at CMC and grows longer with increasing surfactant concentration. The plots of differential conduction, (dk/dc)T,P, versus the total surfactant concentration enables us to determine the CMC set more precisely.The decisive micelle concentration (cmc) and degree of ionization () of cationic surfactants, dodecyldimethylethylammonium bromide (DDAB) and dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC) in aqueous media were determined by Mehta et. al 3 from the conductivity measurements at different temperatures. The cmc behavior of DDAB and DTAC was analyzed in comparison with the results of DTAB in terms of effect of counter ion and increase in alkyl chain. It was observed that by changing the counter ion from c hloride (DTAC) to bromide along with the increase in alkyl chain on polar head group (DDAB), the cmc shows a decrease. Thermodynamics of the system reveals that at lower temperatures, the micellization in case of DDAB was found to be entropy-driven, while at higher temperatures it was hydrogen driven. In DTAC system only entropic effect dominates over the entire temperature range.The aggregation properties of a cationic surfactant, DTAB, at different compositions in water-DMSO mixtures was studied by Vronique Peyre et. al 4 using combination of techniques such as SANS, conductivity, and density measurements. Different antonymous approaches were used for the interpretations of data. This multi-technique study explains the reason for the decrease in ionization degree, role of solvation in micellization and emphasizing the dissymmetric solvation of the chain by DMSO and the head by water. The study is provoke from the point of view that micellization process has been described by us ing combined analysis from molecular to macroscopic scale.Apparent and partial molar volumes of decyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (C10DBACl) at (15, 25, and 35) C have been calculated from results of density measurements by A. G. Perez et. al 4. The specific conductivities of the solutions have been determined at the same temperatures. The results served for the estimation of critical micelle concentration, cmc, ionization degree, (), and standard shrive energy of micellization, (G), of the surfactant.J. J. Galan, J. R. Rodrguez 5 studied the molality dependence of specific conductivity of pentadecyl bromide, cetylpyridinium bromide and cetylpiridinium chloride in aqueous solutions in the temperature range of 3045 -C. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) and ionization degree of the micelles, , were determined directly from the experimental data. Comparing our results for C16PBr and C16PCl water solutions, it can be observed that the substitution of the bromide anion by the more deliquescent chloride leads to an increase in cmc by a factor of approximately 1.3.Chanchal Das and Bijan Das 6 have studied the micellization behavior of three cationic surfactants, viz., hexadecyl-, tetradecyl-, and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, TTAB, and DTAB, respectively) in ethylene glycol (EG) (1) + water (2) mixed consequence media with varying mass fractions of EG (w1) by means of galvanising conductivity and surface tension measurements. Temperature dependence of the critical micelle concentrations was also investigated to understand the micellar thermodynamics of these systems. From the study of the temperature dependence of the cmc of these surfactants in the EG (1) + water (2) mixture with w1 ) 0.30, they had evinced that the micellization was mainly governed by an enthalpy-entropy compensation effect. Data on the thermodynamics of adsorption demonstrate that the surface activity of these surfactant decreases with the addition of EG to water at a give n temperature and that the adsorption of surfactant at the air/mixture interface takes spot spontaneously.The micellisation behaviour of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) in different mass fraction (1747) of ethylene glycol (EG), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and dimethylformamide (DMF)water mixed solvents, was studied by Olaseni et. al 7 using electrical conductivity measurement at different temperatures (293.1313.1 K). The results of the thermodynamic analysis showed that addition of organic solvents, which are principally located in the bulk phase made the micellisation process less spontaneous. The London-dispersion interaction represented the major attraction force for micellisation and micellisation proceeded via an exothermic process.Sar Santosh K and Rathod Nutan 8 evaluated cmc, value and the thermodynamic parameters of the process of micellization for alkyl (C12, C14, and C16) trimethylammonium bromide systems in presence of water-dimethylformamide (5-20 % v/v) binary m ixtures over a temperature range of 298-318 K. It was observed that both the cmc and value were dependent upon the (v/v %) of solvent and temperature and the micellization tendency of cationic surfactant decreases in the presence of solvents. It was also observed that the micellization is favored in general by entropy and enthalpy at higher temperatures, whereas it is favored mainly by entropy at low temperatures.A. Ali et. al 9 have studied the thermodynamic properties of sodium dodecyl sulphate in micellar solution of L-serine and L-threonine by fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering techniques. They observed a decrease in cmc of SDS in Thr solutions as compared to that in Ser. The determined values of G become increasingly negative in the order water Ser Thr, suggesting that the formation of micelles is more favorable in presence of amino acids than in pure water. The aggregation behavior of SDS was explained in terms of geomorphological changes in mixed solut ions. On the basis of dynamic light scattering it was suggested that the size of SDS micelles was influenced by the presence of amino acids.F. Jalali and A. Gerandaneh 10 computed the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) conductometrically in binary mixtures of water + cosolvent at various temperatures and in the presence of potassium bromide (2.0 14 X10-3 M). Dioxane and acetonitrile were used as cosolvents added to water. Addition of organic solvents to water change magnitude the cmc value of CTAB, but the presence of KBr lowered cmc. Thermodynamic parameters of micellization, were evaluated for each solution according to the pseudo-phase model, and the changes observed in these parameters were related to the presence of KBr and cosolvents in aqueous solution.The conductivity of (cosolvent C water) in the presence of increasing concentration of 1-hexadecylpyridinium bromide was measured at various temperatures by F. Jalali et al. 11. Acet onitrile, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, dioxane and ethylene glycol were used as cosolvents. From the conductivity data, the critical micelle concentration c.m.c., and the effective degree of counter ion dissociation , were obtained at various temperatures. In all the cases studied, a linear relationship between (c.m.c / mol . dm-3) and the mass fraction of cosolvent in solvent mixtures was observed. The thermodynamic properties Hand Swere evaluated from the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constants for micellization of the surfactant. While the micellization process in pure water is both enthalpy and entropy stabilized, it becomes entropy destabilized in all solvent mixtures used the values of S being more negative with increase in the cosolvent content of the solvent mixtures. The resulting H against TS plot showed a fairly good linear correlation, indicating the existence of an enthalpyentropy compensation in the micellization process.The effect of the simultan eous presence of an electrolyte (NaBr) and nonelectrolyte species (DMSO and AN) in aqueous solution on the micellization of HDPB was studied by F. Jalali and A. Shaeghi Rad 12. They concluded that the presence of NaBr favors the micellization of HDPB mainly due to a decrease in repulsions between micelle head groups. Adding a cosolvent, such as DMSO or AN, to water inhibits the formation of micelles because of the increase in hydrophobic character of the mixed solvent, which increases the attraction of surfactant monomers toward the solvent.

Report For The Child Protection Case Conference Social Work Essay

Report For The infant Protection Case Conference Social Work EssayThis report is prepared for the use of a Child Protection Case Conference for the five members of the Jones family. The Jones family consists of excoriation (25) And work (21) and their three kidskinren stern (6), Emma (4) and David who is just 3 weeks old. The conference is be held to consider the effect to which the directs of John, Emma and David are cosmos met, as also the risks to which they are exposed.With the Child Protection Conference being a meeting surrounded by the parents of children and the people from different agencies who know the family, this report aims to provide a brief detail of the family scenario and a reflective commentary on the family circumstances, suitably supported by the theoretical and practical knowledge of the author on the risks faced by the children and the fashion baby-sit chosen for such risk assessment.This introductory section is followed by a brief overview of the case, a reflective commentary and fin onlyy a summative section.2. Brief Case DetailsThe appendix to this report provides details about the family scenario and notify be accessed by users of this report. To state very briefly, the Jones family has three children. John, the eldest child suffers from voice communication delays and is exhibiting behavioural bafflingies at al-Qaida and school. He demands individual attention and has tendencies for rambunctious anger and physical forcefulness with children as well as grownups. He has also exhibited delinquent behaviour and has been inform for shock lifting. Emma, the second child is favorable natured, loves going to school, has been assessed to be developmentally advanced and loves her father. David, the newly born is a premature child and is not in the best of health. It is difficult to feed him and he cries often. set up Jones the father has a history of youth offence, criminal behaviour and domestic abuse. He has grown up in poor social and economic circumstances and is now working as a driver of heavy vehicles, a job that often keeps him away from home. Sue the m different, had her first child when she was 15 and suffered from post natal depression. Not in the best of health and having suffered from domestic abuse, she finds it difficult to take care of her three children. Whilst she comes from an fuddled background, she has little contact with her parents, who scorn of Mark.3. Reflective CommentaryCaring and protecting children is now at the very core of the social work system of the UK (Cleaver, 2004, p 14). Whilst the importance of protecting, nurturing and nourishing children and the need to provide them with appropriate environments for achievement of physical, emotional and mental development has always been felt to be important by policy makers in the UK, a event of episodes that have taken place over the geezerhood show that children continue to be exposed to various dangerous and need sui table protection. The deaths of Victoria Climbie and Aliyah Ismail in 2000 and 1998 (BBC News, 2005, p 1) created enormous media uproar and public outrage and led to numerous legal and policy measures that aimed to protect and safeguard children (Norton, 1999, p 1). The recent deaths of Baby shaft of light and Khyra Ishaq, who died in terrible circumstances, the first on posting of violence at the home (Duncan, et al, 2008, p 1) and the second from starvation, revealed that children continue to be in danger and in need of protection and preventive, both in and out of their households (Carter, 2010, p 1). Appendix 2 provides horrifying details on a number of children who experienced violence that resulted in serious injury and even death.I have, in these circumstances tried to synthesise the various legal and policy measures that are available in the UK for protection and safety of children as well as assessment of the risks to which they are exposed, for the consideration of the Child Protection Conference on the needs of the children of the Jones Family. The legislative framework for child protection in England and Wales is provided by the Children Act 1989, further amended by the Children Act 2004 (NSPCC, 2010b, p 4). The act defines harm as ill word or impairment of physical or mental health or physical, emotional, social, intellectual or behavioural development. The act also enshrines important principles. The paramountcy principle implies that the childs social welfare should be paramount for decisions on his or her upbringing. The wishes and feelings of children should also be ascertained before the passing of any pronounce (NSPCC, 2010b, p 4). All efforts should be do for preservation of the home and family links of children. The law also underlines the importance of parental responsibility in the bringing up of children (NSPCC, 2010b, p 4). A number of other acts like the Children and Young Persons Act 2008 and the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 and the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 also lay down the law on protection of children in different circumstances (NSPCC, 2010b, p 4).Apart from extensive legislation for safeguarding and protecting children, the government has introduced a series of policy measures after the death of Victoria Climbie and the military issue of the Laming Report in 2003 ( plane section of Health, 2003, p 7). The Every Child Matters Programme details governmental policy for ensuring the safety, nourishment, return and development of all children in the country (Department for commandment, 2005, p 4). The pleader Working Together to Safeguard Children a Guide to Inter-Agency Working to Safeguard and Promote the Welfare of Children defines child abuse and neglect and provides guidance on the action that agencies should take to protect children. The Framework for the Assessment of Children in need and their Families provides guidance to professionals to identify children in n eed and ascertain the best accomplishable ways of helping such children and their families (NSPCC, 2010a, p 3).The children in the Jones family are being currently challenged by difficult circumstances. Mark, the father has a job that keeps him away from home for long periods and he is thus not really able to help in household work or bringing up the children, except by financial support. He has a history of criminality and domestic violence. Even though it should be considered that he is undergoing an anger management programme in order to overcome his emotional instability. Sue, the mother is just 21 and has already had three children. She also has a history of post natal depression, which could possibly surface once more(prenominal) after the birth of David, the youngest child who is not even a month old. Coming from an affluent family, with whom she is estranged for some years, she is obviously unused to the very difficult family circumstances in which she is placed and the re sponsibilities of a mother of three children. The chances of all three children being neglected is very high in these circumstances, where the father is not at home most of the time and is trying to overcome his emotional instability and aggressive behaviour and the mother is prone to depression, physi gossipy tired and bony out and has been burdened with the responsibilities of caring for and bringing up three young children.The three children in the family face the real danger of physical and emotional neglect. such neglect could specifically harm their physical, emotional and cognitive wellbeing and development, motivate their performance at school, expose them to dangers of under nourishment and illness and severely affect their life chances (Howe, 2005, p 31). Neglected children are also more prone to truant behaviour and substance abuse. John the eldest child already suffers from speech problems, attachment disorders, attention seeking behavioural problems, uncontrolled ang er and tendencies for violence. Such a office staff could have arisen because of attention deficits in his early childhood years and greater attention being given to his jr. sister by his father. John now poses a serious physical threat to his two younger siblings because of his rage and violent disposition. Emma and David are open to the risks of neglect, as well as physical harm. Whilst Emma is the favourite of the family and shares very good relationships with her parents and may not therefore be exposed to neglect, the condition of the youngest child David is precarious. A premature child who is given to suffering from colic, David needs extra care, support and sustenance, which may clearly be beyond the ability and capacity of Sue, in her frame physical condition and her history of post natal depression. Apart from neglect, which could harm her physical and emotional development at a crucial period in her life, he also faces the threat of physical violence from John, who can w ell hurt him badly in a fit of rage, if his demands for attention are not met.I feel it to be very obvious that the three children in the Jones family are at considerable risk, all three from neglect and the younger two also from violence. The GIRFEC (getting it right for every child) model provides a new approach for identification and meeting of needs of children. The model places the wellbeing of children and provides a common framework for assessment, planning and intervention across all agencies (Lamey Rattray, 2009, p 2). Whilst the GIRFEC is a comprehensive model, it is specifically focused on fetching the whole child approach, placing the child at the centre and keeping children emotionally and physically safe. Its ambit is thus broader than mere child protection (Lamey Rattray, 2009, p 2). It adopts a holistic view and an evidence based approach, wherein the participation and opinions of the child and parents are important for good outcomes. The model has three important components, namely the Wellbeing Indicators, My interchange Triangle and the Resilience Matrix, which can be used both separately and together for finding the best solution for children in need (Lamey Rattray, 2009, p 2). The My sacred scripture Triangle in particular provides guidance to social workers on what children need from people who look after them. These include (a) everyday care and help, (b) keeping the child safe and (c) being there for the child. These three issues are specifically important for considering the circumstances of the three children of the Jones family (Lamey Rattray, 2009, p 2).4. Summary and ConclusionThis report has been prepared for the Child Protection Case Conference to consider the needs of the children of the Jones family, the extent to which they are being met and what more needs to be done to ensure the safety, development and growth of these children. Assessment of risk and ensuring safety of children is a vital element of current social wo rk theory and practice in the UK. Extant legislation and programmes call upon social workers and other concerned agencies like the education and health services to work in close cooperation and collaboration with each other to ensure the safety and protection of children in need and at risk with the help of specific assessment frameworks, tools and processes. An application of the GIRFEC model reveals that the children of the Jones family could face difficulties on account of their parents not being able to provide adequate everyday care and help, keeping them safe and being there to ensure their physical and emotional care. These circumstances become more ominous in light of the mothers frail health and past history of post natal depression, the frequent absence of the father from home on account of his work and the violent tendencies and behavioural problems of the eldest child. The conference must consider all these circumstances in order to appropriately assess the needs of the children and the extent to which they are being met and thereafter to plan for appropriate interventionist action.BibliographyBBC News, 2005, Climbie report urges childcare reform, Available at news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in/uk//victoria_climbie/default.stm (accessed February 28, 2011).Birchall Hallett, C., 1995, Working together in Child Protection, London HMSO.Bodley, A., Risk Assessment and Child Protection, Creative Minds, Available at www.mylearning.org/learning/science/Child%20Protection.pdf (accessed February 28, 2011).Brandon, M., Howe, H., Dagley, V., Salter, C., Warren, C., 2006, What appears to be helping or keep Practitioners in Implementing the common assessment Framework and lead, Professional working Child abuse Review, 15 395-413.Carter, H., 2010, The tragedy of Khyra Ishaqs death, Available at www.guardian.co.uk//khyra-ishaq-starving-death-background (accessed February 28, 2011).Cleaver, H., Walker, S., 2004, Assessing childrens needs and Circumstances, London Jessica Ki ngsley.Department of Health, 2000, Assessing children in need and their families practice guidelines, London the Stationery office.Department of Health, 2003, The Victoria Climbie Inquiry report of an inquiry by Lord Laming, Available at www.dh.gov.uk fundamentPublications (accessed February 28, 2011).Department for Education and skills, 2005, Every Child Matters, Green paper London HMSODuncan, C., Jones, S., Brindle, D., 2008, 50 injuries, 60 visits failures that led to the death of Baby P, The Guardian, Available at www.guardian.co.uk//baby-p-child-protection-haringey (accessed February 28, 2011).Ferguson, H., 2004, defend children in Time child abuse, Child Protection and Consequences of Modernity, London Palgrave McMillan.Howe, D., 2005, Child Abuse and Neglect Attachment, Development and Intervention, London Palgrave Macmillan.Lamey, R., Rattray, M., 2009, The Shetland Guide to GIRFEC, GIRFEC Project Team, Available at www.shetland.gov.uk/socialwork-health//1GuidetoGIRFEC. pdf (accessed February 28, 2011).Norton, C., 1999, The sad life, grim death and terrible betrayal of Aliyah, 13, independent.co.uk, Available at www.independent.co.uk NewsUKHome News (accessed February 28, 2011).NSPCC, 2010a, The child protection system in the UK, matter Society for the Protection of inhuman treatment to Children, Available at www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform//child_protection_system_wdf76008.pdf (accessed February 28, 2011).NSPCC, 2010b, An introduction to child protection legislation in the UK, National Society for the Protection of Cruelty to Children, Available at www.nspcc.org.uk//child_protection_legislation_in_the_uk_pdf_wdf48953.pdf (accessed February 28, 2011).Unity Injustice, 2005, A Child Protection System so secret it Kills, Available at www.unity-injustice.co.uk/child_victims.htm (accessed February 28, 2011).Wilson, K., James, A., 2007, The child Protection Handbook, London Bailliere TindallWard, H., 1998, apply a Child development Model to assess the outcom es of Social Work Interventions with Families, Children and Society, 12 (3) 202-211.AppendicesAppendix 1Child Protection Case Conference found on the Jones Scenario.(To consider to what extent the needs of John, Emma and David are being met).The Jones Family background January 2010The Jones family recently moved out of a council flat in city to subtle town rural area. They are struggling to pay the mortgage on their two bedrooms flat. There is no outside play area, and the flat is accessed via outside stairs.Mark Dad- 25 years old.Mark has a criminal record as a youth offender. He has a history of domestic abuse and is working class an anger management program. He is employed as an HGV driver. He has a large extended family. Marks background is working class with poor socio-economic circumstances.Sue Mum 21years old.At age 15 Sue had postnatal depression which was not recognized. She has a poor relationship with her own parents. They are very affluent Sues mother continually ex pressed her disappointment in Sue when she was growing up and does not approve of her relationship with Mark. Sue has never worked she is pregnant with her deuce-ace child.John Son (of Mark and Sue) 6 years oldJohn has severe attachment issues. He is exhibiting behavioural difficulties and has a significant speech delay. He has been identified as requiring Additional Support for Learning.Emma Daughter (of Mark and Sue) 4 years oldEmma is the favoured child. She is an easy child to care for and loves going to the nursery where it has been say that she is developmentally advanced. She has a very good relationship with her dad.The Scenario sequence of eventsScenarioJanuary 2010 John starts at the local primary having transferred from a large school in the city. He is in a composite class of 5 and 6 year olds and he is one of the oldest. John has a significant speech delay.March 2010 Records for John have been requested from his previous school but have still to arrive. Meanwhile, his teacher, Mrs Smith is having difficulty managing Johns behaviour. He is very demanding of individual attention and if this is not sociable he becomes very angry. He throws things around the classroom and over the past two weeks has hit three younger children. He has also kicked his teacher. He has been reported for shoplifting and has been grounded by his parents for bad behaviour. His anger is exacerbated because he has difficulty in communicating.Additional information April 2010David was born prematurely last month, and was small for gestational age. He is difficult to feed and is very colicky. He cries a lot and is now 3 weeks old. Following the birth of David, Mary the health visitor has visited the family home to cover support and advice to Sue. Sue present as tired, flat and listless. The house is disorganised. Sue tells Mary that David is a really difficult baby to feed and that he cries constantly. Mark cannot help as his job takes him away from the family home for e xtended periods of time. On the rare occasions he is at home, he is tired, irritable and sleeps a lot. The situation in the home is not helped by the constant demands of John. However Emma is co-operative happy and helps her mother around the home and with the baby.

Theme of Fallen Angels Essay -- essays research papers

Losing Innocence Fallen Angels find the true meaning of warFallen Angels, written by Walter Dean Myers, is a wise that tells about the story of young boys going into battle during the Vietnam War. There are many themes in Fallen Angels but the main theme is the loss of innocence. The form of address makes reference to these themes. And the boys in the book have dreams of losing their virginity and drinking alcohol for the first time. They are thrown into a harsh reality when they are shown the trials of war. In the end, they sympathize that the movies that depict heroicness and honor are just images of a false idea that war is full of chaos and horror.The title of Fallen Angels is the greatest indicator of the theme. every(prenominal) of...

Chivalry Essay -- essays research papers

Chivalry     Chivalry, the order of horse cavalryhood, and especially, the code of knightlybehavior, comes from many origins. In Middle English, the word "chevalrie"meant "mounted horseman". In Old french, the word "chevalrie" meantknightliness or "chevalier" meaning knight. (Microft, Encarta) Almost allorigins of the word meant horseman.     Warfare was not an option in the medieval period and the knight was themost crutial part. The knights ability, and the military strength of the lordor king were nessesary for their survival. A knight was loyal to his king eventhough he was not everlastingly a member of his personal court. He was also loyal tohis lord or landowner. Most of all, he was loyal to God, as all Christianknights were. A Christian knight had virtues of fidelity, piety, loyalty anddevotion to God. However, some knights did not live this ideal lifestyle.(Duby)     A young boy in training to be a knight spent the first few years of hislife in care of the women in his family. At the age of 7 years old, a fry ofnoble birth would be placed in the castle of a lord or govenor. This is wherethe training for knighthood began. As a page, the boy would be tutored inLatin and French, but he devoted most of his time to physical exersice, andduties. A page was educated in wrestling, tilting with spears, and militaryexercises that were done on horseback....